Responses of the Ionosphere to the Great Sumatra Earthquake and Volcanic Eruption of Pinatubo

A sudden ionospheric disturbance was detected by the Doppler shift sounding equipment at Beijing, about 25min later after the outbreak of the Sumatra earthquake on 26 December 2004. This ionospheric disturbance appeared less than 10min after the earthquake was first recorded at Beijing seismological station by the arrival of the seismic Rayleigh wave. The analysis shows that about 18min is the time necessary for the seismic Rayleigh wave to propagate from the epicentre to Beijing and then about 5--10min for acoustic waves to propagate from the surface of the Beijing area to the altitude of the ionosphere. Also, a report was made as another example to show the ionospheric response of Doppler shift observation at Beijing area during the Mount Pinatubo eruption of 1991. These two examples show clear evidence of the lithosphere--atmosphere--ionosphere coupling. The former case is in the frequency domain of infrasonic waves of the Earth surface
oscillation due to the Rayleigh waves caused by the earthquake, while the latter is in the acoustic--gravity wave category directly excited in the atmosphere by the mass and energy eruptions of Mount Pinatubo.