Black Hole Creation at the Birth of the Universe

We study the quantum creation of black hole pairs in the (anti-)de Sitter space background. These black hole pairs in the Kerr-Newman family are created from constrained instantons. At the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin level, for the chargeless and nonrotating case, the relative creation probability is the exponential of (the negative of) the entropy of the universe. Also for the remaining cases of the family, the creation probability is the exponential of (the negative of ) one quarter of the sum of the inner and outer black hole horizon areas. In the absence of a general no-boundary proposal for open universes, we treat the creations of the closed and the open universes in the same way.