A High-Efficiency Electron Momentum Spectrometer for Direct Imaging of Orbital Electron Density

Direct three-dimensional images for orbital electron density are obtained by using our newly developed electron momentum spectrometer with simultaneous detection in energy and momentum, and the instruments resolutions of Δθ = ±0.7°, ΔФ= ±1.9°, ΔE = 1.2eV, and ΔT = 2.0ns. The detection efficiency is about 100 times higher than conventional spectrometers. The design and performance of the apparatus are reported together with the experimental results on argon to show the extensive improvements in experimental resolutions, detection efficiency and versatility.