Critical Behavior of the Energy Gap and Its Relation with the Berry Phase Close to the Excited State Quantum Phase Transition in the Lipkin Model

In our previous work Phys. Rev. A 85 (2012) 044102, we studied the Berry phase of the ground state and exited states in the Lipkin model. In this work, using the Hellmann–Feynman theorem, we derive the relation between the energy gap and the Berry phase closed to the excited state quantum phase transition (ESQPT) in the Lipkin model. It is found that the energy gap is approximately linearly dependent on the Berry phase being closed to the ESQPT for large N. As a result, the critical behavior of the energy gap is similar to that of the Berry phase. In addition, we also perform a semiclassical qualitative analysis about the critical behavior of the energy gap.