We obtain a simplified and obvious expression of“concurrence” in Wootters’measure of entanglement of a pair of qubits having no more than two non-zero eigenvalues in terms of concurrences of eigenstates and their simple combinations. It not only simplifies the calculation of Wootters’measure of entanglement, but also reveals some general and important features. Our conclusions are helpful to further understand and application of quantum entanglement.

We propose a scheme to implement two-qubit Grover quantum search algorithm. The novelty in the proposal is that the motional state is introduced into the computation and the internal state within a single cold trapped ion. The motional and internal states of the ion are manipulated as two qubits by the laser pulses to accomplish an example of Grover algorithm based on the two qubits. The composite laser pulses which are applied to implement the Grover algorithm have been designed in details. The issues concerning measurement and decoherence are discussed.

The Hawking radiation of Weyl neutrinos in an arbitrarily accelerating Kinnersley black hole is investigated by using a method of the generalized tortoise coordinate transformation. Both the location and temperature of the event horizon depend on the time and on the angles. They are in agreement with the previous results, but the thermal radiation spectrum of massless spinor particles displays a type of spin-acceleration coupling effect.

According to electrodynamical equations in curved spacetime we consider the coupling of a linearized weak gravitational wave (GW) to a Gaussian beam passing through a static magnetic field. It is found that unlike the properties of the “left-circular” and “right-circular” waves of the tangential perturbative photon fluxes in the cylindrical polar coordinates, the resultant effect of the tangential and radial perturbations can produce the unique nonvanishing photon flux propagating along the direction of the electric field of the Gaussian beam. This result might provide a larger detecting space for the high-frequency GWs in GHz band. Moreover, we also discuss the relevant noise issues.

Quantum statistics of a forced harmonic oscillator acted upon by a time-dependent external force is derived using the Wilcox trick and time-dependent inhomogeneous Bogoliubov transformation formalism. The internal energy, fluctuation of the particle-number average and entropy of this nonequilibrium system are presented explicitly.

We propose a simple feedback cooling method, including both the component feedback and the velocity feedback, for cooling a charged particle pair in a Paul trap. It is found that the system can be cooled to periodic orbits; and if control intensity is strong, the system can be cooled to a one-periodic orbit, which is only in a horizontal plane. The result shows that the cooled system is also robust for noise.

The conventional 32.768 kHz tuning fork is stimulated at its first overtone resonant frequency of ～190 kHz for shear-force distance control. The time constant is measured to be 0.54 ms and it decreases about 40 times faster than that of the fundamental frequency (20.76 ms). The cross section of a corn root with height difference of ～3 μm is imaged at a scan speed of 12 μm/s for 256 x 256 pixels.

High spin states in ⁸⁰Rb were studied via the ⁶⁵Cu+¹⁹F, ⁶⁶Zn+¹⁸O and ⁶⁸Zn+¹⁶O reactions. The 75-MeV ¹⁹F, 76-MeV ¹⁸O and 80-MeV ¹⁶O beams were provided by the CIAE HI-13 Tandem accelerator and JAERI Tandem accelerator. The prompt γ-γ coincidence and the directional correlation from oriented nuclei (DCO) were measured by the detector arrays in CIAE and JAERI. Twenty-three new states with 28 new transitions have been assigned to ⁸⁰Rb. The states were observed up to spins 20⁺ and 22^- in the α = 0 branch for the positive and negative parity yrast bands respectively. The negative parity non-yrast bands were significantly extended up to spins of 22^- and 15^-. The band crossings with frequencies 0.51 MeV and 0.61 ,MeV in the α = 0 cascade were observed for the first time. The signature splitting was observed in both the negative parity bands. The signature inversions at about spins 7ħ and 15ħ were observed.

The macroscopic deformed potential energy for super-heavy nuclei ²⁶³Db, which governs the entrance and alpha decay channels, is determined within a generalized liquid drop model (GLDM). A quasi-molecular shape is assumed in the GLDM, which includes the volume-, surface-, and Coulomb-energies, the proximity effects, the mass asymmetry, and an accurate nuclear radius. The microscopic single particle energies are derived from a shell model in an axially deformed Woods-Saxon potential with the quasi-molecular shape. The shell correction is calculated by the Strutinsky method. The total deformed potential energy of a nucleus can be calculated by the macro-microscopic method as the summation of the liquid-drop energy and the Strutinsky shell correction. The theory is applied to predict the deformed potential energy of the experiment ²²DNe + ²⁴¹Am → ²⁶³Db^* → ²⁵⁹Db + 4n, which was performed on the Heavy Ion Accelerator in Lanzhou. It is found that the neck in the quasi-molecular shape is responsible for the deep valley of the fusion barrier due to the shell corrections. In the cold fusion path, the double-hump fusion barrier is predicted by the shell correction and complete fusion events may occur.

A photobleaching model; D-P (dye-photon interaction) and D-O (Dye-oxygen oxidative reaction) photobleaching theory, is proposed. The quantitative power dependences of photobleaching rates with both one- and two-photon excitations (1 PE and TPE) are obtained. This photobleaching model can be used to elucidate commendably our and other experimental results. Experimental studies of the photobleaching rates for rhodamine B with TPE under unsaturation conditions reveals that the power dependences of photobleaching rates increase with the increasing dye concentration, and that the photobleaching rate of single molecule increases in the second power of the excitation intensity, which is different from the high-order (> 3) nonlinear dependence of ensemble molecules.

Differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of the electrons by H₂ at 100 eV and 150 eV have been calculated and compared with experiments. We use the momentum space method in which the electron-molecule system has a single centre and effect of higher reaction channels on electron-molecule elastic scattering is approximated by an ab initio equivalent-local potential. It is added to the exact static-exchange potential for e-H₂ scattering.

Carbon micro-clusters are accelerated by an HI-13 tandem accelerator. The plastic nuclear track detectors CR-39 are irradiated by C₁-C₄ beams from the HI-13 tandem accelerator and the tracks in CR-39 are studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The depths and diameters of C₁-C₄ tracks are measured for the first time in a nanometer scale. An enhancement of energy loss is obtained for carbon cluster related to single carbon ions with the same velocity. The results show that the AFM observation is very useful in the quantitative analysis of clusters in the track detector CR-39.

We investigate the effects of the atomic center-of-mass motion on atomic population trapping in a two-mode micromaser injected with ultracold Λ-type three-level atoms. We find that in the mazer regime (the case in which the atomic kinetic energy is much smaller than the atom-field interaction energy), the interplay between reflection and transmission of the ultracold atom leads to the destruction of the atomic population trapping.

We have experimentally observed the reduction of light speed in a rubidium vapor medium coherently prepared by electromagnetically induced transparency. The light speed reduction was deduced by directly measuring the time delay of a probe light when it passed through the medium. The time delay varies with the intensity of the coupling laser, and the typical time delay we recorded was 1.8μs, corresponding to a light speed of 56000m/s.

We report on an all-solid-state high-power quasi-continuous blue light source by frequency doubling of the signal wave from an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). A 50-mm-long LiB₃O₅ (LBO) crystal is used for the OPO, which is pumped by a diode-pumped Nd:YAG green laser (10 kHz, 50 ns). Tunable blue emission in a new nonlinear crystal BiB₃O₆ (BiBO) is obtained with a wavelength range from 450 nm to 495 nm. The average power of the signal output is as high as 9.3 W from 924 nm to 970 nm. The maximum output of the blue laser with the second harmonic walk-off compensation is 1.3 W average power at 470 nm for 6.2 W of OPO signal light at 940 nm.

We report the experimental results of a mode-locked diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) from which we achieved a 10 ps pulse duration at 150 MHz repetition rate. The SESAM was grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition at low temperature. The recovery time was measured to be 0.5 ps, indicating the potential pulse compression to sub-picoseconds.

By combining two Fibonacci quasi-periodic structures and a periodic structure to form a heterostructure, a broad omnidirectional reflection band is obtained. From the numerical results performed by the transfer matrix method, it is found that the reflection bands of the two Fibonacci quasi-periodic sub-structures and the periodic sub-structure can be compensated for each other. This method is expected to be useful in constructing a one-dimensional quasi-periodic photonic crystal structure with a broad omnidirectional reflection band.

We report a novel method for measuring photo-induced birefringence of photosensitive fibres based on a fibre loop. The method is simple and is only slightly affected by the surroundings. The experimental results show that the photo-inducing normalized birefringence of the photosensitive fibre is multi-decaying-exponentially proportional to the exposure and it can attain 10^-5.

we study the statistical behaviour of the tracer motion between two lines in two-dimensional percolation porous media, based upon the direct numerical solutions of the Stokes equations on 20000 different percolation structures. At the critical threshold p = p_c, the travelling length has the exponential distribution rather than the power-law distribution. Numerical simulations show that the ensemble average travelling length ～ L^1.21 and ～ L for p = p_c and p > p_c, respectively. The region of the tracer dispersion is wide when p = p_c and rather narrow when p > p_c. Numerical simulations indicate that the transverse fluctuation has the same scale as the correlation length of the percolation structure, which is the system size L when p = p_c and is constant for the large system size L when p > p_c. It is also shown that the travelling time has the power-law behaviour when p = p_c.

Electron temperature profiles, the normalized temperature gradient length and the electron heat diffusivity calculated by the heat pulse transfer method in the plasma confinement region, are investigated during electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) in an HL-1M tokamak. The electron temperature profiles keep almost to be constant. The normalized temperature gradient length is in the range of 7-13. Electron heat diffusivity in the ECRH plasmas is larger than that in the ohmically heated plasmas. Electron heat diffusivity during off-axis (ρ < 0.3) ECRH discharge is similar to that during on-axis ECRH discharge.

A new configuration of a virtual cathode oscillator (VCO), i.e., quasi-optical cavity VCO, is proposed for high-power microwave generation. The analysis and simulation are carried out to investigate the characteristics of this configuration. In the numerical simulation, the microwave output power of 2.93 GW is obtained with an electron beam of 610 keV in electron energy and 26.7 kA in the beam current. The beam-to-microwave power efficiency is 18%. The frequency is 17.5 GHz, and the output microwave mode is TEM₁₀.

By applying the integral-variable-change technique, an explicit expression of deuterium-tritium fusion reactivity in the case of second harmonic ion cyclotron resonant heating on deuterium is obtained.

A sheet plasma is produced by a hollow cathode discharge under an axial magnetic field. The plasma is about 40 cm in length, 4 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness. The electron density is about 10⁸cm^-3. The hollow cathode is made to be shallow with a large opening, which is different from the ordinary deep hollow cathode. A Langmuir probe is used to detect the plasma. The electron density and the spatial distribution of the plasma changed when the voltage, the pressure and the magnetic field vary. A peak and a data fluctuation at about 200 G-300 G are observed in the variation of electron density (or thickness of the sheet plasma) with the magnetic field. Our work will be helpful to characterize the sheet plasma and make the production of dense sheet plasma more controllable.

Atmospheric pressure surface discharge is shown to have great prospects for a number of industrial applications. To acquire better results in application fields and considering that the study of the basic parameters including electron temperature and electron density is desirable, we develop an equivalent circuit model and the diagnostic techniques based on optical emission spectroscopy and electrical measurement in our laboratory. The electron temperature has been determined to be about 0.7 eV by a Fermi-Dirac model. The electron density has been calculated to be near 10¹⁰cm^-3 from a time resolved electrical measurement (Ohmic heating method).

Uniform films of aligned carbon nanotubes were grown on a patterned Ni coated ceramic substrate by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MWPCVD). A laser writing technique was used to make some patterns on the substrate. The controlled selective growth of nanotubes on the patterned substrate can be obtained directly during the reaction process in the MWPCVD chamber. The Raman spectrum shows a good graphitization of the carbon nanotubes. In the field emission test, turn-on field of V/μm and emission current density of 5 mA/cm² at 3.3 V/μm were achieved.

Monomode enhanced-index Nd³⁺-doped silicate glass waveguides fabricated by ion implantation are reported. The Nd³⁺-doped silicate glass was implanted by 3.0 MeV B⁺ ions, 3.0 MeV O⁺ ions and 4.5 MeV Ni²⁺ ions, respectively. A prism-coupling method was carried out to measure dark modes in the Nd³⁺-doped silicate glass using a model 2010 prism coupler. The moving fibre method was applied to measure the waveguide propagation loss. After a moderate annealing, the 3.0-MeV B⁺-ion implanted waveguide loss is about 3.54 dB/cm; the 3.0-MeV O⁺-ion implanted waveguide loss is about 5.36 dB/cm; and the 4.5-MeV the Ni²⁺-implanted waveguide loss is about 7.55 dB/cm. The results show that with the increasing ion mass, the loss in implanted waveguide is increased.

Formation of infrared femtosecond laser induced colour centers was observed in the Tb³⁺-doped and Tb³⁺/Ce³⁺-codoped heavy germanate glasses. A rectangle scanning was made by focusing the laser beam inside the glass samples. A three-dimensional yellowish block was created from the path and it corresponded to the appearance of broad absorption bands in the absorption spectra. Irradiation induced absorption coefficient μ (λ) was used to characterize the distribution of radiation induced colour centers in the samples, whose peak was located at 380 nm and extended to the longer wavelength. Ce³⁺ ions were found not only to inhibit the formation of colour centers, but also to enhance the recovery.

Raman scattering measurements were carried out in self-assembled Ge quantum dot superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The characteristics of the Ge-Ge, Si-Ge, Si-Si_LOC and Si-Si peaks were investigated, especially the Ge-Ge optical phonon frequency shift was emphasized, which was tuned by the phonon confinement and strain effects. The experimentally observed frequency shift values of the Ge-Ge peak frequency caused by optical phonon confinement and strain in Ge quantum dots were discussed with quantitative calculations.

The correlation function of two-dimensional Ising model is calculated by the corner transfer matrix renormalization group method. We obtain the critical exponent η = 0.2496 with few computer resource.

The Flory-type scaling approach proposed by Hentschel and Family [Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 1982] is generalized to the analysis of the growth equation with a generalized conservation law, which contains the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang, Sun-Guo-Grant, and molecular-beam epitaxy growth equations as special cases and allows for a unified investigation of growth equations. The scaling exponents obtained here can be in agreement well with the corresponding results derived by the dynamic renormalization group theory and the previous scaling analyses.

Negative charging of a specimen may produce the image contrast of yielding the information under the insulating thin film in scanning electron microscopy. To clarify and make good use of the recently developed negative-charging contrast (NCC), we propose a simplified procedure for quantifying secondary electron (SE) imaging signals and report the calculated results. The theoretical considerations and calculations are validated by comparing the calculated relation between the SE signal and the surface potential with measured dynamic characteristics of the NCC images. The results show that in the region of weak negative charging the NCC formation is due to the SE redistribution. The intensity of SE signals decreases with the increase of the amount of the SEs returning to the negatively charged surface whose local electric field may attract electrons. This results in the NCC transient characteristics.

We study the nonlinear excitation (solitons) in a ferrimagnetic polymer chain by using a total Hamiltonian consisting of Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian and a Hubbard term. At half-filling, the distortion of lattices forms domain wall solitons while the spin configuration forms the envelope solitons. The soliton pair is obtained in a range of the electron-electron (e-e) interaction U, which depends on the electron-phonon (e-ph) interaction. The spin solitons corresponding to the left domain wall and the right domain wall of the displacement are quite different.

Local density approximation in the framework of the density functional theory is applied to calculate the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of Ar atoms adsorbed on a graphite sheet (Ar/graphite system). It is found that the optimal site of adsorbed Ar atom is at the top of the center of the carbon hexagon and its equilibrium distance from the graphite surface is about 3.20Å. We demonstrate that it is the hybridization of the C 2p electronic states with the Ar 3p and 4s electronic states, which renders Ar atoms visible in the STM experiment.

We investigate the dynamics of spin and charge in an interacting system consisting of impurity and conducting electrons. The time evolution of spin and charge in the impurity is given by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equations for the many-body states of the interacting system. By switching on the interaction between impurity and conducting electrons, the spin and charge of the impurity begin oscillations with frequencies which reflect the elementary excitations of the interacting system. The dynamics reflects the basic picture of the Kondo effect.

Effects of hydrostatic pressure on the mixed-valence (MV) bismuth complex BaBiO₃ have been investigated up to ～9 GPa by means of high-pressure Raman scattering and absorption spectra at 300 K. The pressure-induced hardening behaviour of the Bi-O stretching mode suggests that the predicted pressure-induced MV to the single-valence (SV) phase change cannot occur. Investigation of absorption spectra with pressure shows the enhanced optical gap E_gap, which further indicates the remained MV state of Bi ions.

Based on the replica method and the imaginary time functional-integral technique, we investigate the infinite-range quantum Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya spin glass model. It is found that the quantum Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya spin glass model behaves in a Heisenberg-like manner. The specific heat has the crossover behaviour. The broad Maximum in specific heat is shifted to higher temperature with increasing applied field. These features are in good agreement with the observation of Brodale et al. [J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 31-34 (1983) 1331] The susceptibility of the system has the typical spin glass feature.

Magnetic microstructure of melt-spun Pr_yFe_90-yB₁₀ (y = 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, 10 and 11.76) nanocrystalline ribbons in an as-grown state has been studied by using a magnetic force microscope. The magnetic domains are characterized by dark areas adjacent with bright areas in a sub-micron scale and in random distribution. By comparing with the size of the micro-crystals measured from the TEM image, the exchange coupling effect was confirmed to exist in all the ribbons. By using the roughness analysis, the variation of the root mean square values of the phase shifts obtained from the magnetic force images versus the content y of Pr were measured, which is well consistent with the curve of the residual induction B_r versus the content y.

The solutions for a mode III crack growing along an arbitrary propagation path in a piezoelectric plane are studied under the impermeable surface condition and the electrical contact surface condition respectively. According to the two kinds of electric boundary conditions, the Hilbert and Riemann boundary value problems in a half-plane including opening smooth arc are obtained from the theoretical analysis. Moreover, the equipollence of the solution forms under these two electric boundaries is proven, and unified solutions for the stress and electric displacement distribution in the crack-tipfield of the piezoelectric plane are achieved.

(Pb_0.76Ca_0.24)TiO₃ (PCT) thin films with various orientations were grown on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si substrates by using a sol-gel process and by controlling the temperature of heat-treatment. The PCT thin films with (100) and random orientation showed well-saturated hysteresis loops at an applied field of 800 kV/cm, with remanent polarisation and coercive electric field of 23.6 μC/cm² and 225kV/cm, 17.8 μC/cm² and 195 kV/cm, respectively. For highly (100)- and random-oriented PCT films, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss values of these films are 121 and 0.016, 121 and 0.024 at 1 kHz, respectively. The pyroelectric coefficients p of the PCT thin films are measured by a dynamic technique. At room temperature, the p values and figures of merits of the highly (100)- and random-oriented PCT films are 185 μC/m²K and 1.79 xm 10^-5Pa^-0.5, 176μC/m²K and 1.39 x 10^-5Pa^-0.5, respectively.

We study photoluminescence (PL) of SiO_x (0< x <2) thin films after annealing at temperatures in the range of 700-1100°C. The SiO_x thin films were prepared by evaporation of SiO powder onto the substrate of Si(100). Two PL emission structures were observed in the measuring range of 580 -755 nm. The one centered around ～ 730 nm was confirmed to be due to Si nanocrystals. The origin for the other one spanning the range of 580-650 nm was investigated by using hydrogen and oxygen passivations, and by short time annealing at 1100°C followed by hydrogenation. Our results support the model of structural defects in SiO₂ matrix for the origin of the 580-650 nm PL peak.

ZnO films were deposited by low-pressure metal organic chemical vapour deposition on epi-GaN/Al₂O₃ films and c-Al₂O₃ substrates. The structure and optical properties of the ZnO/GaN/Al₂O₃ and ZnO/Al₂O₃ films have been investigated to determine the differences between the two substrates. ZnO films on GaN/Al₂O₃ show very strong emission features associated with exciton transitions, just as ZnO films on Al₂O₃, while the crystalline structural qualities for ZnO films on GaN/Al₂O₃ are much better than those for ZnO films directly grown on Al₂O₃ substrates. Zn and O elements in the deposited ZnO/GaN/Al₂O₃ and ZnO/Al₂O₃ films are investigated and compared by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. According to the statistical results, the Zn/O ratio changes from Zn-rich for ZnO/Al₂O₃ films to O-rich for ZnO/GaN/Al₂O₃ films.

ZnTe films have been prepared on Si substrates by metal-organic
chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and the temperature-dependent
photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated. The near-band-edge (NBE) emission of the ZnTe sample at 83 K shows an asymmetry line shape, which can be decomposed into two Gaussian lines labeled by FE and BE. Temperature-dependent PL intensity of the NBE peak shows two variation regions, and an expression with two dissociation channels fits well to the experimental data. The results of the temperature-dependent full width at half maximum (FWHM) and peak energy were well understood under the framework of the two-dissociation-channel model. That is, at low temperature, the emission from bound excitons governs the NBE peak, while above 157 K, the free exciton emission becomes dominant gradually. A simple model with three energy levels was employed to describe the variation in emission intensity of BE and FE with temperature.

Based on the spectrum measurement, we have investigated the single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) driven by a biharmonic ultrasound. The spectral temperature is sensitive to the relative phase of the second harmonic with respect to the fundamental. At the optimal phase, about 160°, the SBSL reaches its most efficient state in which the temperature is lifted by over 10000 K. Our experimental results have also been reproduced by numerical calculation in the theoretical framework of Rayleigh bubble dynamics.

A novel Er³⁺-Yb³⁺ codoped phosphate glass, which combines good chemical durability with good spectroscopic properties, is developed for the ion-exchange process. The relevant properties of this glass are presented for reference in the design and modeling of ion-exchanged active waveguide devices. The weight-loss rate of this glass is 1.45 x 10^-5g.cm^-2.h^-1 in boiling water, which is comparable to that of Kigre's Q-246 silicate glass. The emission cross section of Er³⁺ in this glass is calculated to be 0.72 x 10^-20cm² using the McCumber theory. It is found that a planar waveguide with three modes at 632.8 nm is readily realized in this glass from our primary ion-exchange experiments.

Nanosized Mn-doped ZnO particles were synthesized using a vapor phase growth method. The x-ray analysis reveals a wurtzite ZnO structure with small expansion of the lattice constants due to the doping of Mn in ZnO. The TEM analysis shows that the nanoparticles have an average diameter around 37 nm, and energy dispersive spectroscopy detection on single nanoparticle indicates that the manganese concentration is around 3.5 at.%. Magnetization measurements under field cooling conditions reveal that the as-grown Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles show paramagnetic behaviour. This work demonstrates that Mn can be doped into nanosized ZnO structures via vapor phase growth, which represents an important step towards the synthesis of nanosized diluted magnetic semiconductors.

Self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots covered by the 1-nm In_xAl_1-xAs (x = 0.2,0.3) and 3-nm In_0.2Ga_0.8As combination strain-reducing layer are fabricated, whose height can take up to 30-46 nm. The luminescence emission at a long wavelength of 1.33 μm and the energy separation between the ground and the first-excited state of 86 meV are observed at room temperature. Furthermore, the comparative study proves that the energy separation can increase to 91 meV by multiple stacking.

A large-area gold pattern with nanoscale edge on muscovite mica was fabricated by using a metastable helium beam and octanethiol (OT) and dodecanethiol (DDT) self-assembled monolayers (SAM), in which the width of edge was typically ～70 nm for the OT SAM and ～90 nm for the DDT SAM, respectively. The mask was reproduced with high fidelity. Combined the analysis of roughness with grain size, more flat surface and sharper edge of patterns were obtained by using the shorter chain molecules such as the OT. All the information indicated that the OT SAMs on atomically flat surfaces can be used as a resist for exposure to metastable atom beams.

Static electric fields were applied on aluminum-lithium alloy during solution treatment. The conductivity and Vickers hardness of the quenched Al-Li alloy is changed with the effect of electric field. The Vickers hardness increases with the applied electric field for a certain solutionizing time but decreases with the time under an electric field. In the absence of the electric field, the Vickers hardness and the conductivity increase synchronously, while reversed after electric field treatment. Positive and negative electric fields had the similar effect. The change of the local electron density in alloy caused by electric field is presented to explain the effect.

The dynamics behaviour for nanoscale electrostatic actuators is studied. A two parameter mass-spring model is shown to exhibit a bifurcation from the case excluding an equilibrium point to the case including two equilibrium points as the geometrical dimensions of the device are altered. Stability analysis shows that one is a stable Hopf bifurcation point and the other is an unstable saddle point. In addition, we plot the diagram phases, which have periodical orbits around the Hopf point and a homoclinic orbit passing though the unstable saddle point.

Impedance spectra of gabbro were measured at 1-2 GPa and up to 890°C with applied frequency of 12 to 10⁵Hz. At temperatures below 680°C, only one impedance arc corresponding to the grain interior conduction process occurs. Owing to the grain boundary transport with increasing temperature, the impurities occur at the grain boundaries, resulting in the second arc corresponding to the grain boundary conduction process over the frequency range of 12 to 10³Hz above 680°C, and the resistivities of the grain interior and the grain boundary conduction mechanisms add in series. The total conductivity of this rock is dominated by the grain interior conductivity and the impurities have no significant effect on the total electrical conductivities.

The melting curve of NaCl is studied up to 200 kbar by means of the shell-model molecular dynamics method using massive shell core interaction potentials. The model for the interatomic interaction is shown to produce reasonable results at a wide range of pressures in bulk transitions. The pressure dependence of the melting curve of NaCl was calculated and the result is modified on the assumption of overheating due to the small system size and small time scale simulation. The final result is in good agreement with the corrected experimental values account for the melting mechanism such as surface heating or superheating. Therefore, it is believed that bulk transition simulation at constant pressure indeed provides a useful tool for studying the melting transition.

There have been many magnetic field models for geophysical and astrophysical bodies. These theoretical or empirical models represent the reality very well in some cases, but in other cases they may be far from the reality. We argue that these models will become more reasonable if they are modified by some coordinate transformations. In order to demonstrate the transformation, we use this method to resolve the “pressure-balance inconsistency” problem that occurs when plasma transports from the outer plasma sheet of the Earth into the inner plasma sheet.

Nucleosynthesis yield is a very important parameter of the Galactic chemical evolution model. We adopt the same method of Tsujimoto to derive the r-process yields of various mass SNe II at low metallicities from the new observed [Ba/Fe]-[Fe/H] trend. %but we get rid of the stars such as CS22892-052, CS31082. Furthermore, we present a new formula of r-process nucleosynthesis yields. We also consider the various neutron sources and set up four cases, namely A, B, C and D to calculate the abundance evolution of Ba peak elements in the solar neighborhood. Our results show that the r-process could be associated with a secondary event in massive stars (i.e., 18M < M < 50). Therefore, the r-process could be associated with a secondary event in massive stars. Both the neutron source and the seed nuclei must be freshly manufactured by the stars instead of depending upon the initialmetallicity abundance.

It is shown that the observed result of two-point galaxy correlation function and three-point correlation function in the universe agrees with a quasi-equilibrium assumption of mass distribution. Utilizing the form of the three-point correlation, we find that the two-point correlation function can be obtained by solving an equation derived from maximizing an entropy under some constraints in a self-gravitating particle model. A generalized non-extensive entropy is also introduced to improve our result.