We investigate the game theory in a structured population with the assumption that the evolution of network structure is far faster than that of strategy update. We find that the degree distribution for the final network consists of two distinct parts: the low degree part which is contributed to by defectors and a broadband in the regime with high degree which is formed by cooperators. The structure of the final network and the final strategy pattern have also been numerically proved to be independent of the game parameters.

Based on the constructed Lie algebra and Lie super algebra, the integrable couplings and super-integrable couplings of the C-KdV hierarchy are obtained respectively. Furthermore, its super-Hamiltonian structures are presented by using super-trace identity.

An approximate solution of the D-dimensional Schrödinger equation with the modified Pöschl-Teller potential is obtained with an approximation of the centrifugal term. Solution to the corresponding hyper-radial equation is given using the conventional Nikiforov-Uvarov method. The normalization constants for the Pöschl-Teller potential are also computed. The expectation values of -2_> and are also obtained using the Feynman-Hellmann theorem.

We have shown that the application of modulating the secondary lattice is an efficient route to suppressing the generation of chaotic traveling waves of a Bose-Einstein Condensate with attractive interatomic interaction loaded into a moving optical superlattice consisting of two lattices. With the Melnikov method, we obtain the optimal value of the relative phase between the two lattice harmonics for the control of chaos. We also find that the regularization route as the potential depth of the secondary lattice is varied and fairly rich, including the period-doubling bifurcations.

Analytic results of the relationship between local noncommutativity and non-violations of Svetlichny inequalities for three-qubit separable states are obtained. It is shown that the converse trade-off relations presented by Seevinck and Uffinck [Phys. Rev. A 2007 76 042105] do not always hold for three-qubit states, and that there exists some correlation even though the state is the simple product state.

On the basis of quantum hydrodynamical equations we derive a unitarity Schrödinger equation of a finite trapped superfluid Fermi gas valid in the whole interaction regime from BCS superfluid to BEC. This equation is just the Ginzburg-Laudau-type equation for the fermionic Cooper pairs in the BCS side, the Gross-Pitaevskii-type equation for the bosonic dimers in the BEC side, and a unitarity equation for a strongly interacting Fermi superfluid in the unitarity limit. By taking a modified Gauss-like trial wave function, we solve the unitarity Schrödinger equation, calculate the energy, chemical potential, sizes and profiles of the ground-state condensate, and discuss the properties of the ground state in the entire BCS-BEC crossover regimes.

We study the spin-weighted spheroidal wave functions in the case of s=m=0. Their eigenvalue problem is investigated by the perturbation method in supersymmetric quantum mechanics. In the first three terms of parameter α=a²w², the ground eigenvalue and eigenfunction are obtained. The obtained ground eigenfunction is elegantly in closed forms. These results are new and very useful for the application of the spheroidal wave functions.

The Dirac-Morse problem is investigated within the framework of an approximation to the term proportional to 1/r² in the view of the position-dependent mass formalism. The energy eigenvalues and corresponding wave functions are obtained by using the parametric generalization of the Nikiforov-Uvarov method for any κ-value. We also study the approximate energy eigenvalues, and the corresponding wave functions in the case of the constant-mass for pseudospin, and spin cases, respectively.

The generation of various entangled states is an essential task in quantum information processing. Recently, a scheme (PRA 79, 022304) has been suggested for generating Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state and cluster state with atomic ensembles based on the Rydberg blockade. Using similar resources as the earlier scheme, here we propose an experimentally feasible scheme of preparing arbitrary four-qubit W class of maximally and non-maximally entangled states with atomic ensembles in a single step. Moreover, we carefully analyze the realistic noises and predict that four-qubit W states can be produced with high fidelity (F~0.994) via our scheme.

We propose a scheme for the probabilistic teleportation of an unknown two-particle state of general formation in ion trap. It is shown that one can realize experimentally this teleportation protocol of two-particle state with presently available techniques.

We propose an optical scheme to generate cluster states of atomic qubits, with each trapped in separate optical cavity, via atom-cavity-laser interaction. The quantum information of each qubit is encoded on the degenerate ground states of the atom, hence the entanglement between them is relatively stable against spontaneous emission. A single-photon source and two classical fields are employed in the present scheme. By controlling the sequence and time of atom-cavity-laser interaction, we show that the atomic cluster states can be produced deterministically

We propose a new scheme to achieve the tripartite entanglement based on the standard criteria [Phys. Rev. A 67 (2003) 052315] in a inverse-tripod atomic system. In our scheme, the atomic coherence is introduced by two microwave fields which drive the upper three levels of atom. By numerically simulating the dynamics of system, we investigate the generation and evolution of entanglement in the presence of atom and cavity decay. As a result, the present research provides an efficient approach to achieve fully tripartite entanglement with different frequencies and initial states for each entangled mode, which may have impact on the progress of multicolored multi-notes quantum information networks.

The low energy absorption cross section and the decay rate of the stationary Axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell Dilaton Axion black hole for massless scalar particles is calculated analytically. It is shown that the partial absorption cross section increases as the rotating parameter a and the absolute value of the dilaton D decreases. It is also shown that the partial absorption cross section is not always positive due to superradiance factor ω-mΩ. However, the decay rate of this black hole is always positive.

Bifurcation is investigated with the full velocity difference traffic model. Applying the Hopf theorem, an analytical Hopf bifurcation calculation is performed and the critical road length is determined for arbitrary numbers of vehicles. It is found that the Hopf bifurcation critical points locate on the boundary of the linear instability region. Crossing the boundary, the uniform traffic flow loses linear stability via Hopf bifurcation and the oscillations appear.

A form of statistical interaction term of one-dimensional anyons is introduced, based on which one-dimensional anyon models are theoretically realized, and the statistical transmutation between bosons (or fermions) and anyons is established in quantum mechanics formalism. Two kinds of anyon models which are being studied are recovered and reexplained naturally in our formalism.

The phenomenon of entropic stochastic resonance (ESR) in a two-dimensional confined system driven by a transverse periodic force is investigated when the colored fluctuation is included in the system. Applying the method of unified colored noise approximation, the approximate Fokker-Planck equation can be derived in the absence of the periodic force. Through the escaping rate of the Brownian particle from one well to the other, the power spectral amplification can be obtained. It is found that increasing the values of the noise correlation time and the signal frequency can suppress the ESR of the system.

We present the first study of CP asymmetry in Λ_b →Λ decay when a new weak phase comes through the extension of three-generation standard model to the four-generation standard model. Taking =0.01,0.02,0.03 with phase {60°-120°}, which is consistent with therate and the Bs mixing parameter ΔmBs, we find out that CP asymmetry is quite sensitive to the existence of fourth generation. It can serve as a good tool to search for new physics effects, in particular, to search for the fourth generation quarks (t', b') via their indirect manifestations in loop diagrams.

The decays of J/φ→μ⁺μ^- and J/φ→ e⁺e^- are studied by Monte-Carlo simulation, based on the Beijing Spectrometer (BES)Ⅲ offline software system. The methods of determination of the J/φ event number via J/φ→μ⁺μ^- and J/φ→ e⁺e^- are presented, respectively. These methods can be used to determine the J/φevent number for the coming BESⅢ J/φ data sample.

We study the effects of K and K*exchange between the Λ hyperon and the nucleon in a Λ hypernucleus, where the nuclear core is described by a successful relativistic mean-field (RMF) model. In general, K and K* are responsible for strangeness exchange in the one-boson-exchange potential model, which are absent in the RMF calculation. We investigate the contribution of Fock terms derived from K and K* exchange. We use a pseudovector coupling for K exchange, which is found to provide a repulsive potential for the Λ particle in hypernuclei. Both vector and tensor couplings for K* exchange are taken into account, whose combined effect on the Λ single-particle energy is found to be small.

For heating the tokamak plasma effectively, the ion source must be capable of producing ions with high proton ratio. The proton ratio, which is found to be more than 65.6% at the ion current of 19.6 A with the extraction voltage of 39.6 kV, is measured with an image spectrograph by Doppler shift effect of Balmer-α-radiation spectrum emitted from fast hydrogen particles. The tendency of proton ratio with the ion density in experiment is almost the same as the mode devised by Zhang et al. Okumura et al. only gave the affection of the plasma volume and ion loss area on the proton ratio, but the relationship between the ion density in chamber and the proton ratio was not presented. We give the relationship.

The saddle-point variational method and restricted variational method are used to calculate energies of doubly-excited singlet states 1s²3lnl' (n=3-5) ^1_De in Be-like O⁴⁺ ions, including the mass polarization and relativistic corrections. The saddle-point complex-rotation method is used to compute the Auger widths and Auger transition rates. These results are compared with other theoretical and experimental data in the literature.

The possibility of formation of complexes between glycine and boron doped C₆₀ (C₅₉B) fullerene is investigated and compared with that of C₆₀ fullerene by using the density functional theory calculations. It has been found that the binding of glycine to C₅₉B generated the most stable complexes via its carbonyl oxygen active site, with a binding energy of -37.89 kcal/mol, while the glycine molecule prefers to bind to the pure C₆₀ cage via its amino nitrogen active site, consistent with the recent experimental and theoretical studies. We have also tested the stability of the most stable Gly-C₅₉B complex with ab initio molecular dynamics simulation, carried out at room temperature. These indicate that the B-doped C₆₀ fullerenes seem to be more suitable materials for bindings to proteins than pure C₆₀ fullerenes.

A cloud of laser-cooled ^40_Ca+ is successfully trapped and manipulated under well control in our home-built linear ion trap, which is designed and constructed solely for studying quantum information processing. By exploring the variation of the ion cloud with respect to the trap parameters, we have optimized the trapping condition and obtained very good fluorescence spectra. We observe the dynamics of the ion cloud, and estimate the temperature of the ion cloud to be of the order of milli-Kelvin.

We present a detailed derivation of the Ammosov-Delone-Krainov theory of tunnel ionization in complex systems (CS-ADK). A few mistakes in the previous works have been found and corrected. The theory is then applied to CO₂, showing that CS-ADK yields better agreement with experiment than the molecular ADK theory.

Cross sections for charge transfer and ionization of atomic hydrogen by highly charged ions A^q+ (q=6-9) are evaluated using a simple and classical method based on the previous works by Bohr and Lindhard [K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk. Mat. Fys. Medd 28 (1954) No 7], Brandt [Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 214 (1983) 93] and Ben-Itzhak et al. [J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 26 (1993) 1711]. It is proved that the present calculations are feasible to some extent in comparison with available experimental data and quantum calculations.

By using a pump-probe technique, the nascent rotational and vibrational state distributions of CsH are obtained in the Cs(6²D,7²D) plus H₂ reaction. The nascent CsH molecules are found to populate the lowest two vibrational (v”=0 and 1) levels of the ground electronic state. By comparing the spectral intensities of the CsH action spectra with those of pertinent Cs atomic fluorescence excitation spectra, the relative reactivity with H₂ is in an order of 6²D_3/2>6²D_5/2>7²D_3/2>7²D_5/2. The rotational temperatures are found to be slightly below the cell temperature. The relative fractions (< &#402;_V^>, <&#402;_R>, <&#402;T>) of average energy disposal are derived as (0.2,0.12,0.68), (0.2,0.12,0.68), (0.07,0.04,0.89) and (0.07,0.04,0.89) for the 6²D_3/2, 6²D_5/2,7²D_3/2 and 7²D_5/2, respectively. The major available energy is released as translation. These results support that the reaction mechanism of Cs( 6²D,7²D) plus H₂ is primarily a collinear abstraction and not an insertion.

Axial variation of average size of methane clusters in a gas jet produced by supersonic expansion of methane through a cylindrical nozzle of 0.8 mm in diameter is observed using a Rayleigh scattering method. The scattered light intensity exhibits a power scaling on the backing pressure ranging from 16 to 50 bar, and the power is strongly Z dependent varying from 8.4 (Z=3 mm) to 5.4 (Z=11 mm), which is much larger than that of the argon cluster. The scattered light intensity versus axial position shows that the position of 5 mm has the maximum signal intensity. The estimation of the average cluster size on axial position Z indicates that the cluster growth process goes forward until the maximum average cluster size is reached at $Z=9$ mm, and the average cluster size will decrease gradually for Z>9 mm.

A 30-MeV femto-second electron linac is built at the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, which can produce high power, coherent THz undulator radiation. We report the experimental facility and measurement of the power, frequency spectrum. First experiments show the averaged power at THz to be about 20 mW.

An anti-reflective (AR) fluoride coating in the 170-230 nm spectral range is prepared by the thermal evaporation method for the applications of widely tunable deep-ultraviolet diode-pumped solid-state lasers. The transmittance of an AR coated calcium fluoride (CaF₂) window in thickness 3 mm is measured to be in the range of 95.8% at 170 nm to 97.1% at 230 nm, with the maximum transmittance 99.2% and the minimum residual reflectance 0.04% appeared at 195 nm. The experimental results indicate that treating the AR coated window and the bare substrate with ultraviolet irradiation can significantly improve their optical performance.

We report on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes based on silver nanoparticles which are deposited on the core of the distal end of standard single mode fibers, by means of the very simple, versatile, and low-cost laser-induced nanoparticle technique. The morphological features of the Ag nanoparticles vary according to the experimental conditions such as laser power, illumination time, and concentration of the reaction solution. The SERS activity of the probes is demonstrated with the detections of rhodamine 6G aqueous solutions. The detections are made from both ends of the probes, i.e., in direct detection mode from the end with nanoparticles and in remote detection mode from the distal end, respectively.

Dressed four-wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy is investigated theoretically in some micrometric thin cells. It is found that DFWM spectra can be modified by polarization interference of atoms and transient effects induced by atom-wall collision. This modification can lead to width-narrowing of DFWM lines and facilitates to implement experiment of high resolution DFWM spectroscopy in a confined atomic system.

We demonstrate the generation of red light femtosecond laser pulses from an intra-cavity frequency-doubled Cr⁴⁺:forsterite laser. An average output power of 75 mW is obtained at the central wavelength of 647 nm with a pulse width of 55 fs by inserting a 500-μm-thick BBO crystal in the laser cavity. The bandwidth of the spectrum of second harmonic pulses is 9 nm, corresponding to a time-bandwidth product of 0.355.

An output coupler for optically pumped terahertz laser consisting of capacitive strip-grating and wedged high-resistivity silicon substrate is designed theoretically and its transmittance performance is also discussed. The etalon effects frequently occurring in previous experiments are effectively suppressed, and thus a flat and accurate transmittance spectrum is obtained in a narrow wavenumber interval of 2 cm^-1 near a particular center wavenumber. Furthermore the transmittance sensitivity to the slight shift of substrate thickness is also completely eliminated. The wedged output coupler is easy to fabricate and its substrate may be used repeatedly to meet various transmittance requirements.

We present a new concise approach for normalizing m-photon-added squeezed state -photon-subtracted squeezed state , i.e., we construct the generating function andrespectively, after calculating them and comparing the result with the standard form of generating function of Legendre polynomials P_m,we find m<r|r>_{m^=m!cosh m^rPm^{(cosh r)}}, and , where r is the squeezing parameter.

We propose a scheme for generating a χ-type four-atom entangled state in cavity QED. In the present scheme, the atoms interact simultaneously with a highly detuned cavity mode with the assistance of a strong classical field. The scheme is insensitive to the cavity decay and the thermal field, which is of importance from the experimental point of view.

Optical properties of zinc-blende InGaN/GaN QW structures are investigated using the multiband effective-mass theory. The transition wavelength values at 300 K ranged from 440 to 570 nm in the investigated range of the In composition and the well width. The theoretical wavelengths show reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The optical gain decreases with the increasing well width. This is mainly due to the reduction in the quasi-Fermi-level separation because the optical matrix element increases with the well width.

We illustrate our experimental observation of coexisting the controllable spatial splitting and intensity suppression of four-wave mixing (FWM) beam in a V-type three-level atomic system. The peak number and separation distance of the FWM beam are controlled by the intensities and frequencies of the laser beams, as well as atomic density.

We explore the effects of atomic memory on quantum correlations of two-mode light fields from four-wave mixing. A three-level atomic system in Λ configuration is considered, in which the atomic relaxation times are comparable to or longer than the cavity relaxation times and thus there exists the atomic memory. The quantum correlation spectrum in the output is calculated without the adiabatic elimination of atomic variables. It is shown that the continuous variable entanglement is enhanced over a wide range of the normalized detuning in the intermediate and bad cavity cases compared with the good cavity case. In some situations more significant enhancement occurs at sidebands.

We present a comprehensive experimental study of terahertz (THz) wave propagation utilizing surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on the interfaces of a thin dielectric core layer sandwiched between two corrugated metallic claddings. THz wave impinges on the structured surfaces at normal incidence. Long-lasting oscillation propagation features are observed in the temporal waveform after traveling through the periodic arrays. The enhanced THz transmission can be achieved due to the coupling between incident waves to SPPs at the bottom and top interfaces. The finite element method is used to simulate the field distribution and the transmission mode in the waveguide. The hybrid waveguide with low absorption has great potential applications in THz integrated devices.

We demonstrate the generation of supercontinuum spectra in three secondary cores of a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber pumped by femtosecond laser pulses, respectively. The supercontinuum spectra are mainly a result of the soliton self-frequency shift and an amplification of dispersive wave at visible wavelengths. Detailed mode simulations show that with the increasing core length, the modes transfer from "double-points" to "single-point" since the pump laser is more easily coupled into the two side cores of a secondary core when the core length is small. The simulation results also explain why the experimental observed far-field beam patterns of first two secondary cores are different.

We demonstrate that digital volume gratings can be fabricated in fused silica glass conveniently by direct femtosecond laser writing. The diffraction efficiencies of volume gratings can be essentially modulated by simply stacking and offsetting the unit structure. A series of volume gratings, which have the pitches of 5 μm and the size of 1mm×1mm, have been fabricated with the writing speed of 500 μm/s, with which the processing period of each grating layer could be reduced to several minutes with a 1-kHz femtosecond laser system. Results show that the power spectrum of the diffracted waves of the volume gratings are dependent on the layer gap and layer offsetting.

Propagation properties of coherent and partially coherent beams in atmospheric turbulence are investigated respectively by using numerical simulation. It is found that a partially coherent beam has a spreading larger than a coherent beam. However, from the point view of relative beam spreading and intensity scintillation, a partially coherent beam is less affected than the corresponding coherent beam, which may be the most important virtue of partially coherent beams that could be utilized to improve the performance of laser engineering. The beam wandering is almost independent of the degree of the source coherence. More aperture averaging occurs when the beam becomes more coherent.

We establish a new model based on fractal theory and cubic spline interpolation to study the effective thermal conductivity of isotropic porous silica low-k materials. A 3D fractal model is introduced to describe the structure of the silica xerogel and silica hybrid materials (such as methylsilsesquioxane, MSQ). Combined with fractal structure, a more suitable medium approximation is developed to study the isotropic porous silica xerogel and MSQ materials. Cubic spline interpolation for fitting discrete predictions from the fractal model is used to obtain the continuous function of the effective thermal conductivity versus porosity. Compared with other common models, the effective thermal conductivity predicted by our model presents better agreement with the experimental data for all porosity. These results indicate that the proposed model is valid.

Heating effects of air flows past a two-dimensional circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers and low Mach numbers are investigated by numerical simulation. The cylinder wall is heated partially rather than heated on the whole surface as with previous researches. The heating effects are completely different for various heating locations on the cylinder surface. Heating either windward or leeward side stabilizes the flow and reduces or completely suppresses vortex shedding from the cylinder at supercritical Reynolds numbers, which is consistent with previous results of heating on the whole surface of the cylinder. However, as the lateral sides of the cylinder (perpendicular to the stream-wise direction) are heated, an adverse effect is found for the first time in that the flow is destabilized and vortex shedding can be excited at subcritical Reynolds numbers. As the lateral sides of the cylinder are cooled, the flow is stabilized.

A two-degree-of-freedom model of iced, electrical quad bundle conductor is developed to comprehensively describe the different galloping behaviors observed. By applying centre manifold and invertible linear transformation, the co-dimension-2 bifurcation is analyzed. The relationships of parameters between this system and the original system are obtained to analyze and to control the galloping of the quad iced bundle conductor. The space trajectory, Lyapunov exponent and Lyapunov dimension are investigated via numerical simulation to present a rigorous proof of existence of chaos.

We study, for the case of the two layer plane Poiseuille flow, the effect of viscosity stratification and interfacial surfactant on the flow instability. Considering a normal mode of the streamwise wave number α, both the linear and energy analyses are presented. The expressions of perturbation energy supplied at the interface are derived. The result demonstrates that the jumps of horizontal velocity and tangential stress of the perturbed flow across the interface could be induced by the presence of viscosity stratification and surfactant. This is expected to be responsible for the Yih and Marangoni instability.

The generation of high order harmonics from an inhomogeneous ovderdense plasma target irradiated by an ultrashort intense laser pulse is studied by numerical simulation. During such interaction, ultrafast electron bunches are generated and excite electron plasma oscillations as they pass through the overdense target. These plasma oscillations will emit high-frequency electromagnetic emission by linear mode conversion. Instead of the integer harmonics generation, the emission appears with a broadband and even continuous spectrum corresponding to the electron plasma frequency range of the inhomogeneous plasma density.

Plasma Bragg grating (PBG) is composed of periodic variations of plasma and dielectric or vacuum. The defect mode characteristic of the PBG with a cavity-defect is studied by one-dimensional particle-in-cell (1D PIC) simulation. It is shown that the laser pulse with the defect frequency can be localized around the defect partly and at the same time leak out of both sides of the grating slowly because of the few number of the grating period. This results in local high laser field intensity and high plasma density produced at the defect area, from which the third harmonic is enhanced by one order of magnitude. With the enhancement of the light coupled to the defect and the decrease of the light leaking out of the defect, the conversion efficiency of the third harmonic from the incident laser can be increased.

Pure zinc blende GaAs nanowires were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs(111)B substrates via Au catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The diameter, size distribution, and density of Au particles can be changed by varying the Au film thickness. We find that the grown nanowires are of rod-like shapes and pure zinc blende structure; moreover, the growth rate depends on the density of Au particles and it is independent of its diameters. It can be concluded that the nanowire was grown with main contributions from the direct impingement of vapor species onto the Au-Ga droplets and contributions from adatom diffusion can be negligible. The results indicate that the droplet acts as a catalyst rather than an adatom collector.

Copper indium diselenide (CuInSe₂) thin films were prepared by ion beam sputtering Cu, In and Se targets continuously on BK7 glass substrates and the three-layer film was then annealed in the same vacuum chamber. X-ray diffraction shows that the CuInSe₂ thin films have a single chalcopyrite structure with preferential (112) orientation. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the CIS thin films consist of uniform and densely packed grain clusters. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy demonstrates that the elemental composition of CIS films approaches the stochiometric composition ratios of 1:1:2. Raman measurement shows that the main peak is at about 174 cm^-1 and this peak is identified as the A₁ vibrational mode from chalcopyrite ordered CuInSe₂. Optical transmission and absorption spectroscopy measurement reveal an energy band gap of about 1.05 eV and an absorption coefficient of 10⁵ cm^-1. The film resistivity is about 0.01 Ωcm.

The surface structure and electronic property of InP(001)-(2×1)S surface under S-rich condition are investigated based on first-principles simulations. The analyses of phase transition show that the 3B model is the most stable structure and the S-S dimer is difficult to form. The geometry of the 3B structure agrees well with the experiments. It is also found that the 3B structure has a good passivation with a band gap of about 1.24eV. The results indicate that the 3B structure is the best candidate for the sulfur-rich InP(001)(2×1)A phase.

We report new Raman features of epitaxial graphene (EG) on Si-face 4H-SiC prepared by pulsed electron irradiation (PEI). With increasing graphene layers, frequencies of G and 2D peaks show blue-shifts and approach those of bulk highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite. It is indicated that the EG is slightly tension strained and tends to be strain-free. Meanwhile, single Lorentzian line shapes are well fitted to the 2D peaks of EG on SiC(0001) and their full widths at half maximum decrease with the increasing graphene layers, which indicates that the multilayer EG on Si-face can also contain turbostratic stacking by our PEI route instead of only AB Bernal stacking by a traditional thermal annealing method. It is worth noting that the stacking style plays an important role on the charge carrier mobility. Therefore our findings will be a candidate for growing quality graphene with high carrier mobility both on the Si- and C-terminated SiC substrate. Mechanisms behind the features are studied and discussed.

By means of the slave-boson mean-field approximation, we theoretically investigate the Kondo and Coulomb interaction effects in spin-polarized transport through two coupled quantum dots coupled to two ferromagnetic leads by the Anderson Hamiltonian. The density of states is calculated in the Kondo regime for the effect of the interdot Coulomb repulsion with both parallel and antiparallel lead-polarization alignments. Our results reveal that the interdot Coulomb interaction between quantum dots greatly influence the density of states of the dots. We then clarify relevant underlying physics of this problem.

We investigate the transport properties of T-shaped junctions composed of armchair graphene nanoribbons of different widths. Three types of junction geometries are considered. The junction conductance strongly depends on the atomic features of the junction geometry. When the shoulders of the junction have zigzag type edges, sharp conductance resonances usually appear in the low energy region around the Dirac point, and a conductance gap emerges. When the shoulders of the junction have armchair type edges, the conductance resonance behavior is weakened significantly, and the metal-metal-metal junction structures show semimetallic behaviors. The contact resistance also changes notably due to the various interface geometries of the junction.

The La₂Ti₂O₇:Pr³⁺, which emits red color luminescence upon UV light excitation, is prepared by the conventional high-temperature solid-state method and its luminescent properties are systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, afterglow emission spectra and long-lasting phosphorescence (LLP) decay curves are used to characterize this phosphor. After irradiation by a 290-nm UV light for 3 min, the Pr³⁺-doped La₂Ti₂O₇ phosphor emits intense red emitting afterglow from the ¹D_2→³H₄ transitions, and its afterglow can be seen with the naked eye in the dark clearly for more than 1 h after removal of the excitation source. The afterglow decay curve of the Pr³⁺-doped La₂Ti₂O₇ phosphor contains a fast decay component and another slow decay one. The possible mechanism of this red light emitting LLP phosphor is also discussed based on the experimental results.

The double-side Tl₂Ba₂CaCu₂O₈ (Tl-2212) superconducting thin films were fabricated on CeO₂ buffered sapphire substrates. The reactive magnetron sputtering technique was used to grow CeO₂ buffer thin films on sapphire substrates. Making use of the metal cerium as a sputtering source, the depositing rate is much higher compared with the CeO₂ target. The Tl-2212 thin films on CeO₂ buffered sapphire substrates were fabricated by a dc magnetron sputtering and post-annealing process. The x-ray diffraction indicates that the thin film is pure Tl-2212 phase with the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate surfaces, and epitaxially grown on the CeO₂ buffered sapphire. The critical transition temperature T_c is around 106 K, the critical current density J_c is around 3.5 MA/cm² at 77 K, and the microwave surface resistance R_s at 77 K and 10 GHz of the film is as low as 390 μΩ

The double-scale lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by the solid state processing with PZT nano-crystalline and micro-powder. The microstructures, electrical and mechanical properties of the double-scale PZT are investigated. All the sintered ceramics exhibit a single perovskite structure and the grain size of the double-scale PZT reduces due to the incorporation of PZT nano-crystalline. Compared to normal PZT, the mechanical properties increase significantly and the piezoelectric properties decrease slightly. Mechanisms responsible for the reinforcement of the double-scale PZT are discussed.

A photovoltaic quantum dot infrared photodetector with InAs/GaAs/AlGaAs structures is reported. The detector is sensitive to normal incident light. At zero bias and 78 K, a clear spectral response in the range of 2-7 μm has been obtained with peaks at 3.1, 4.8 and 5.7 μm. The bandgap energies of GaAs and Al_0.2Ga_0.8As at 78 K are calculated and the energy diagram of the transitions in the Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetector (QDIP) is given out. The photocurrent signals can be detected up to 110 K, which is state-of-the-art for photovoltaic QDIP. The photovoltaic effect in our detector is a result of the enhanced band asymmetry as we design in the structure.

Freestanding hemispherical diamond films have been fabricated by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using graphite and molybdenum (Mo) as substrates. Characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the crystalline quality of the films deposited on Mo is higher than that on graphite, which is attributed to the difference in intrinsic properties of the two substrates. By decreasing the methane concentration, the diamond films grown on the Mo substrate vary from black to white, and the optical transparency is enhanced. After polishing the growth side, the diamond films show an infrared transmittance of 35-60% in the range 400-4000 cm^-1.

The effects of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown on Si (100) substrates by sol-gel spin-coating are investigated. The structural and optical properties are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectra. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the crystal quality of ZnO films becomes better after annealing at high temperature. The grain size increases with the temperature increasing. It is found that the tensile stress in the plane of ZnO films first increases and then decreases with the annealing temperature increasing, reaching the maximum value of 1.8 GPa at 700 ^\circC. PL spectra of ZnO films annealed at various temperatures consists of a near band edge emission around 380 nm and visible emissions due to the electronic defects, which are related to deep level emissions, such as oxide antisite (O_Zn), interstitial oxygen (O_i), interstitial zinc (Zn_i) and zinc vacancy,which are generated during annealing process. The evolution of defects is analyzed by PL spectra based on the energy of the electronic transitions.

We report a thin film electroluminescent device with a three-layer structure (diamond/CeF₃/SiO₂ films), which has a luminance of 1.5 cd/m² at dc voltage 215 V. The electroluminescence spectrum at room temperature shows that the main peaks locate at 527 and 593 nm, which are attributed to isolated emission centers of Ce³⁺ ions.

In order to conduct electrical studies on organic thin film transistors, top-contact devices are fabricated by growing polycrystalline films of freshly synthesized pentacene over Si/SiO₂ substrates with two different channel widths under identical conditions. Reasonable field effect mobilities in order of 10^-2-10^-3 cm²V^-1s^-1 are obtained in these devices. An elaborative electrical characterization of all the devices is undertaken to study the variance in output saturation current, field effect mobility, and leakage current with aging under ambient conditions. As compared to the devices with longer channel width, the devices with shorter channel width exhibit better electrical performance initially. However, the former devices sustain the moderate performance much longer than the latter ones.

The calcium ions (Ca²⁺) spark is an elementary Ca²⁺ release event in cardiac myocytes. It is believed to buildup cell-wide Ca²⁺ signals, such as Ca²⁺ transient and Ca²⁺ wave, through a Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release (CICR) mechanism. Here the excitability of the Ca²⁺ wave in a single cardiac myocyte is simulated by employing the fire-diffuse-fire model. By modulating the dynamic parameters of Ca²⁺ release and re-uptake channels, we find three Ca²⁺ signaling states in a single cardiac myocyte: no wave, plane wave, and spiral wave. The period of a spiral wave is variable in the different regimes. This study indicates that the spiral wave or the excitability of the system can be controlled through micro-modulation in a living excitable medium.

A silicon-based field emission light emitting diode for low-voltage operation is fabricated in the standard 0.35 μm 2P4M salicide complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Partially overlapping p⁺ and n⁺ regions with a salicide block layer are employed in this device to constitute a heavily doped p⁺-n⁺ junction which has soft "knee" Zener breakdown characteristics, thus its working voltage can be reduced preferably below 5 V, and at the same time the power efficiency is improved. The spectra of this device are spread over 500 nm to 1000 nm with the main peak at about 722 nm and an obvious red shift of the spectra peak is observed with the increasing current through the device. During the emission process, field emission rather than avalanche process plays a major role. Differences between low-voltage Zener breakdown emission and high-voltage avalanche breakdown emission performance are observed and compared.

We introduce a full interaction Hamiltonian method to the generalized quantum chemical approach and apply it to investigate the electron tunneling properties of 1,3-benzenedithiol molecular device. The weak gate effect we calculate is consistent with the experiment. The asymmetric current character mainly comes from the asymmetry of the molecule and the nonlinear responding to the gate electric field.

Empirical observations indicate that the interevent time distribution of human actions exhibits heavy-tailed features. The queuing model based on task priorities is to some extent successful in explaining the origin of such heavy tails, however, it cannot explain all the temporal statistics of human behavior especially for the daily entertainments. We propose an interest-driven model, which can reproduce the power-law distribution of interevent time. The exponent can be analytically obtained and is in good accordance with the simulations. This model well explains the observed relationship between activities and power-law exponents, as reported recently for web-based behavior and the instant message communications.

We show that the heterogeneity index, which was proposed by Hu and Wang [Physica A 387 (2008) 3769], can be used to describe the disparity of the cooperation sharing or competition gain distributions, which is very important for understanding the dynamics of a cooperation/competition system. An analytical relation between the distribution parameters and the heterogeneity index is derived, which is in good agreement with the empirical results. Our theoretical and empirical analyses also show that the relation between the distribution parameters can be analytically derived from the so-called Zhang-Chang model [Physica A 360 (2006) 599; 383 (2007) 687). This strongly recommends a possibility to create a general dynamic cooperation/competition model.

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