Employing the modified Clarkson–Kruskal direct method, we realize the symmetries of the nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional modified Kadomtzev–Patvishvili-II equation. Applying the given Lie symmetry, we obtain the similarity reduction and new exact solutions. We also obtain conservation laws of the equations with the corresponding Lie symmetry.

We the extend application of the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) to solve some coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. The cosine-based GDQM is employed and the obtained system of ordinary differential equations is solved via the fourth order Runge–Kutta method. The numerical solutions coincide with the exact solutions in desired machine precision and invariant quantities are conserved sensibly. Some comparisons with the methods applied in the literature are carried out.

For each non-isospectral Ablowitz–Ladik equation a strong symmetry operator is given. The strong symmetry contains time variable explicitly and by means of it two sets of symmetries are generated. Functional derivative formulae between the strong symmetry and symmetries are derived, by which the obtained symmetries are shown to compose a centerless Kac–Moody–Virasoro algebra. Master symmetries for non-isospectral Ablowitz–Ladik equations are also discussed.

We address the problem of integrability of a coupled dispersionless system recently introduced by Zhaqilao, Zhao and Li [Chin. Phys. B 18 (2009) 1780] which physically describes the propagation of electromagnetic fields within an optical nonlinear medium, but also arrives in the physical description of a charged object dynamics in an external magnetic field. Following the prolongation structure analysis developed by Wahlquist and Estabrook, we derive a more general form of Lax pairs of the previous coupled dispersionless system and its concrete non-Abelian Lie algebra resorting to a hidden symmetry. Also, we construct the Bäcklund transformation of the system using the Riccati form of the linear eigenvalue problem.

By using the modified Clarkson–Kruskal (CK) direct method, we obtain the non-Lie symmetry group of the two-dimensional KdV-Burgers equation. Under some constraint conditions, Lie point symmetry is also obtained. Through the symmetry group, some new exact solutions of the two-dimensional KdV-Burgers equation are found.

We present an evolutionary computational approach for the solution of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (NLODEs). The mathematical modeling is performed by a feed-forward artificial neural network that defines an unsupervised error. The training of these networks is achieved by a hybrid intelligent algorithm, a combination of global search with genetic algorithm and local search by pattern search technique. The applicability of this approach ranges from single order NLODEs, to systems of coupled differential equations. We illustrate the method by solving a variety of model problems and present comparisons with solutions obtained by exact methods and classical numerical methods. The solution is provided on a continuous finite time interval unlike the other numerical techniques with comparable accuracy. With the advent of neuroprocessors and digital signal processors the method becomes particularly interesting due to the expected essential gains in the execution speed.

It is a recent observation that entanglement classification for qubits is closely related to stochastic local operations and classical communication (SLOCC) invariants. Verstraete et al.[Phys. Rev. A 65 (2002) 052112] showed that for pure states of four qubits there are nine different degenerate SLOCC entanglement classes. Li et al.[Phys. Rev. A 76 (2007) 052311] showed that there are at least 28 distinct true SLOCC entanglement classes for four qubits by means of the SLOCC invariant and semi-invariant. We give 16 different entanglement classes for four qubits by means of basic SLOCC invariants.

We present that the local unitary equivalence of n−party pure states is consistent with that of their (n-1)-party reduced density matrices. As an application, we obtain the local invariants for a class of tripartite pure qudits.

The security of the quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) and authentication protocol based on Bell states is analyzed. It is shown that an eavesdropper can invalidate the authentication function, and implement a successful man-in-the-middle attack, where he/she can obtain or even modify the transmitted secret without introducing any error. The particular attack strategy is demonstrated and an improved protocol is presented.

We present a fault-tolerate three-party quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme over a collective-noise channel. Decoherence-free subspaces are used to tolerate two noise modes, a collective-dephasing channel and a collective-rotating channel, respectively. In this scheme, the boss uses two physical qubits to construct a logical qubit which acts as a quantum channel to transmit one bit information to her two agents. The agents can get the information of the private key established by the boss only if they collaborate. The boss Alice encodes information with two unitary operations. Only single-photon measurements are required to rebuilt Alice's information and detect the security by the agents Bob and Charlie, not Bell-state measurements. Moreover, Almost all of the photons are used to distribute information, and its success efficiency approaches 100% in theory.

Keeping in view of importance of exchange symmetry aspects in studies on spin squeezing of multiqubit states, we show that the one-dimensional Ising Hamiltonian with nearest neighbor interactions does not retain the exchange symmetry of initially symmetric multiqubit states. Specifically we show that among 4−qubit states obeying exchange symmetry, all states except W class (and their linear combination) lose their symmetry under time evolution with Ising Hamiltonian. Attributing the loss of symmetry of the initially symmetric states to rotational asymmetry of the one-dimensional Ising Hamiltonian with more than 3 qubits, we indicate that all N−qubit states (N≥5) obeying permutation symmetry lose their symmetry after time evolution with Ising Hamiltonian.

The negativity (N) as a measure of thermal entanglement (TE) is studied for a two−qutrit spin-1 anisotropic Heisenberg XXZ chain with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) interaction in an inhomogeneous magnetic field in detail. The effects of the DM interaction parameter D_z on the thermal variation of the N for given values of the external magnetic field B, a parameter b which controls the inhomogeneity of B and the bilinear interaction parameters J_x=J_y≠J_z are obtained. It is found that N persists to higher values and to higher temperatures for the higher values of ±D_z and for the higher positive values of J_z, i.e. in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) case. When J_z<0, the ferromagnetic (FM) case, and D_z is small, and if J_z is strong enough to compete with D_z, N decreases. In addition, N declines with the increasing values of B and b.

We investigate the effects of different components of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya (DM) anisotropic antisymmetric interaction on optimal dense coding with a two-qubit Heisenberg XXZ chain in the presence and in the absence of external magnetic fields. The anisotropic coupling parameter Δ, isotropic coupling parameter J, and the DM interaction parameters are found to be effective for optimal dense coding, while the magnetic field turns out to be destructive. Moreover, the results show that the case of antiferromagnetic (AFM) is more ideal for optimal dense coding than the case of ferromagnetic (FM) in general. In the case of AFM, by comparison of the two cases with the same fixed x− and z−component parameters of DM interaction (D_x and D_z), the appropriate model for optimal dense coding is indicated for the different value intervals of Δ. Comparison of the effects of D_z and D_x on optimal dense coding is made and their dominant regions are clarified.

Analytic results are presented for the entanglement evolution for arbitrary two-qubit pure state under amplitude damping and particularly phase damping channel. The disentanglement time and the relationship between it and the form of initial state are given explicitly. The lower bounds of disentanglement time are obtained and shown to be the monotone functions of initial concurrence.

We study the non existence of shear in locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type-III string cosmological models with bulk viscosity and variable cosmological term Λ. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained by assuming the conditions: the bulk viscosity is proportional to the expansion scalar, ξ∝θ, expansion scalar is proportional to shear scalar, θ∝σ, and Λ is proportional to the Hubble parameter. The coefficient of bulk viscosity is assumed to be a power function of mass density. The corresponding physical interpretations of the cosmological solutions are also discussed.

By using a new approach, we demonstrate the analytic expressions for slowly rotating Gauss–Bonnet charged black hole solutions with one non-vanishing angular momentum in higher-dimensional anti-de Sitter spaces. Up to linear order of the rotating parameter a, the mass, Hawking temperature and entropy of the charged black holes get no corrections from rotation.

We consider a Langevin equation of active Brownian motion which contains a multiplicative as well as an additive noise term. We study the dependences of the effective diffusion coefficient D_eff on both the additive and multiplicative noises. It is found that for fixed small additive noise intensity D_eff varies non−monotonously with multiplicative noise intensity, with a minimum at a moderate value of multiplicative noise, and D_eff increases monotonously, however, with the multiplicative noise intensity for relatively strong additive noise; for fixed multiplicative noise intensity D_eff decreases with growing additive noise intensity until it approaches a constant. An explanation is also given of the different behavior of D_eff as additive and multiplicative noises approach infinity, respectively.

Aiming at the shortage of conventional threshold function in wavelet noise reduction of chaotic signals, we propose a wavelet-packet noise reduction method of chaotic signals based on a new higher order threshold function. The method retains the useful high-frequency information, and the threshold function is continuous and derivable, therefore it is more consistent with the characteristics of the continuous signal. Contrast simulation experiment shows that the effect of noise reduction and the precision of noise reduction of chaotic signals both are improved.

We prove in theorems 2 and 3 that for 1D Bosons with repulsive delta function interaction with any number of components and any Young tableau, the energy per particle as N→∞ is the same as for spinless Bosons.

Unidirectional linear error feedback coupling of two excitable medium systems displaying spiral waves is considered. The spiral wave in the response system is thus subjected to a spiral wave forcing. We find that the unidirectional feedback coupling can lead to richer behaviour than the mutual coupling. The spiral wave dynamics in the response system depends on the coupling strength and frequency mismatch. When the coupling strength is small, the feedback coupling induces the drift or meander of the forced spiral wave. When the coupling strength is large enough, the feedback coupling may lead to the transition from spiral wave to anti-target or target-like wave. The generation of anti-target wave in coupled excitable media is observed for the first time. Furthermore, when the coupling strength is strong, the synchronization between two subsystems can be established.

We propose a new communication system which is able to separate noise successfully by using independent component analysis (ICA), and a parameter modulation method based on a Lorenz chaotic system is employed for recovery of the source signals. The results indicate that our proposed secure communication has robustness against noise.

Using the quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) method, the product polarization at the collision energy of 46 kcal/mol is investigated for the reactions of F+LiH (v=0, j=0)→LiF+H and F+LiD (v=0, j=0)→LiF+D on the ²A' ground state potential energy surface (PES)[J. Chem. Phys. 106(1997)1013). The distribution of P(θ_r), which represents the K and J' correlation, the dihedral angle distribution of K−K'-J' P(φ_r), the angular distribution P(θ_r,φ_r) and the four PDDCSs[(2π/σ)(dσ₀₀/dω_t), (2π/σ)(dσ₂₀/dω_t), (2π/σ)(dσ₂₂₊/dω_t), (2π/σ)(dσ₂₁₋/dω_t)] are presented and discussed. In addition, isotope effects are investigated. The results indicate that at the collision energy of 46 kcal/mol, with isotopic mass substitution, the orientation degree of LiF perpendicular to the scattering degree becomes stronger while the polarization degree of LiF perpendicular to K keeps almost changeless. In addition, the angular distribution of LiF strongly prefers forward scattering.

We demonstrate a new loop system of the spherical wavefront (SW) correction near the beam focus to effectively improve the focusability of 0.89 PW/29.0 fs Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification laser. After wavefront correction, the Strehl ratio is improved to reach 0.91, and the focal spot size using the f/4 off−axis parabola is reduced to 6.34×6.94 μm² (corresponding to 1.63×1.78 times diffraction limitation). With full peak power of 0.89 PW, the peak intensity of 2.59×10²¹ W/cm² is obtained. The experimental results show that the SW correction scheme near the beam focus is comparatively simple, economic and high-efficient.

A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system using frequency-twelvefold optical millimeter-wave based on external modulation via a Mach–Zehnder modulator is proposed and analyzed theoretically. The simulation results show that the power penalties for both the downstream and upstream signals are less than 0.5 dB. In this scheme, the configuration of a base station is simplified without laser, while the frequency of local oscillator signal is largely reduced due to the frequency-twelvefold millimeter-wave technique. The cost of the new system is largely reduced.

We proposed a protocol of measuring the duration of ultra-short single-photon pulse with two-photon interference. The pulse duration can be obtained from the width of the visibility of two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference or the indistinguishability of the two photons. Moreover, the shape of a single-photon pulse can be measured with ultra-short single-photon pulses through the two-photon interference.

Nonlinear phase noise (NLPN) is investigated theoretically and numerically to be mitigated by parametric saturation approach in DPSK systems. The nonlinear propagation equation that incorporates the phase of linear and nonlinear is analyzed with parametric saturation processing (PSP). The NLPN is picked and monitored with the power change factors in the DPSK system. This process can be realized by an optical PSP limiter and a novel apparatus with feedback MZI. The monitor range of phase noise is 0°–90°, which may be reduced to 0°–45° if the monitor factor is about the Stockes wave but not an anti-Stockes wave. It is shown that DPSK signal performance can be improved based on the parametric saturation approach.

We experimentally investigate the interplay between two coexisting six-wave mixing (SWM) signals and the interference between coexisting four-wave mixing (FWM) and SWM signals in a five-level atomic system of ⁸⁵Rb. When two electromagnetically induced transparency windows gradually overlap in frequency, the competition between these two SWM signals arises. Moreover, we report the experimental result which shows that the temporal interference with femtosecond time scales between FWM and SWM signals.

We report the experimental method of angle-resolved in-plane light scattering for random surface parameter extraction. In the measurement of the scattered intensity profile at a certain angle of incidence, the perpendicular component of wave vector remains constant, which is realized by controlling the movement of the detector along a specified circular arc segment. We use the central δ−peak and the half-width of the diffused intensity profiles and their variations to obtain the roughness w, the lateral correlation length ξ and roughness exponent α of the rough surface sample. The measurement copes strictly with the theoretical analysis, and the inherent problem in previous in-plane light scattering experiment is overcome so that the changes of the perpendicular component of wave vector affect the half width a diffused intensity profile and the measurement accuracy.

The dark soliton pulse with spectral sideband is experimentally observed in a dispersion-managed all-fiber ring laser with net negative cavity group velocity dispersion. We find that, for single or multiple dark solitons, the spectral sidebands always appear and exhibit asymmetric characteristics which are similar to bright solitons. The experimental measurements of spectral sideband positions are carried out and the results are in good agreement with the calculated values. Our results show that spectral sideband effect is also an intrinsic feature of a dark soliton fiber laser.

All-optical format conversion between non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and the Manchester code is implemented by using an optical exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gate based on a semiconductor optical amplifier Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (SOA-MZI). There is 10 Gbit/s all-optical NRZ-to-Manchester conversion implemented in our simulation system and BER performance of the format conversion is investigated. Transmission performances of the converted Manchester coded signal are discussed in terms of transmission length and received optical power.

In order to enhance transmittance in the long-wavelength infrared range, the major parameters of periodic sub-wavelength structures (SWS) with square holes on zinc sulfide (ZnS) substrates are designed and analyzed for applications in normal incidence by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and thin film theory (TFT). Finally the optimal antireflective parameters are achieved. The structures on ZnS substrates are fabricated on the basis of the simulation results by photolithography technology and reactive ion etching technology. A substantial antireflection effect is observed over the wavelength band 8–12 μm by a factor greater than 4.5.

Room-temperature Tm:Ho:GdVO₄ microchip laser operated around 2 μm is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. At a heat sink temperature of 283 K, maximum output power of 29.7 mW is obtained by using a 0.25−mm-long crystal at an absorbed pump power of 912 mW, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 5.0%. At the temperature to 283 K, a single-longitudinal-mode laser as much as 8mW at 2048.5 nm is achieved. The M² factor is measured to be 1.4.

An eccentric core single-mode fiber, whose core is away from the axis of the fiber, is fabricated by using the fiber preform goniometric-groove method and the stack-and-draw method. An eccentric core single-mode fiber without coating is spliced between two single-mode fibers. Fundamental mode and cladding modes are excited at one splicing point between the eccentric core single-mode fiber and the single-mode fiber, and propagate in the eccentric core single-mode fiber, then interfere with each other at the other splicing point. Multi-beam interference transmission spectrum is observed. An in-line fiber interferometric strain sensor based on the eccentric core single-mode fiber is realized.

A sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SG-DBR) laser monolithically integrated with semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), which has a tuning range over 43 nm from 1514.05 nm to 1557.4 nm covering 49 continuous and totally 51 ITU 100 GHz standard channels and an output power more than 22 mW for all output wavelengths, is successfully demonstrated.

A novel two-wafer concept for micro-electro-mechanically tunable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) is presented. The VCSEL is composed by two wafers: one micro-electromechanical-system membrane wafer with four arms to adjust the cavity length through electrostatic actuation and a "half-VCSEL" wafer consisting of a fixed bottom mirror and an amplifying active region. The measurement results of the electricity pumped tunable VCSEL with more than 9 mW output power at room temperature over the tuning range prove the feasibility of the proposition.

Using the coherence theory of non-stationary fields and the characterization of stochastic electromagnetic pulsed beams, the analytical expression for the spectral degree of polarization of stochastic electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model pulsed (GSMP) beams in turbulent atmosphere is derived and is used to study the polarization properties of stochastic electromagnetic GSMP beams propagating through turbulent atmosphere. The results of numerical calculation are given to illustrate the dependence of spectral degree of polarization on the pulse frequency, refraction index structure constant and spatial correlation length. It is shown that, compared with free-space case, in turbulent atmosphere propagation there are two positions at which the on-axis spectral degree of polarization P is equal to zero. The position change depends on the pulse frequency, refraction index structure constant and spatial correlation length.

A scaled underwater launch system based on the stress wave theory and the slip Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique is developed to study the phenomenon of cavitations and other hydrodynamic features of high-speed submerged bodies. The present system can achieve a transient acceleration in the water instead of long-time acceleration outside the water. The projectile can obtain a maximum speed of 30 m/s in about 200 μs by the SHPB launcher. The cavitation characteristics in the stage of acceleration and deceleration are captured by the high-speed camera. The processes of cavitation inception, development and collapse are also simulated with the business software FLUENT, and the results are in good agreement with experiment. There is about 20–30% energy loss during the launching processes, the mechanism of energy loss is also preliminary investigated by measuring the energy of the incident bar and the projectile.

An analysis of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a flat plate with slip condition at the boundary is presented. A complete self-similar set of equations are obtained from the governing equations using similarity transformations and are solved by a shooting method. In the boundary slip condition no local similarity occurs. Velocity and temperature distributions within the boundary layer are presented. Our analysis reveals that the increase of magnetic and slip parameters reduce the boundary layer thickness and also enhance the heat transfer from the plate.

A new model consisting of a liquid film overlying a saturated and inhomogeneous porous layer is investigated. We concentrate on effects of inhomogeneity on transition of instability modes. Influences of the averaged porosity and the gradient of porosity distribution on the instability behaviors of a liquid-porous layer system are emphasized. The average permeability of the porous layer is a key factor to determine the penetration of convection in the system.

There are lots of reasons to restrict a low-permeability oil layer to enhance the recovery factor. Based on the research results of non-Darcy flow, microflow of water drive and micro-acting force in low permeability porous media are studied by establishing the expression of fluid viscosity factor. Numerical calculation shows that under the condition of L/S interaction, the radial velocity distribution near the solid wall changes obviously, and the curve form changes from convex to concave. The tinier the capillary radius is, the stronger the L/S interaction is. The larger the n value is, more obviously the flowing velocity decreases. The results will help people to deal with improving recovery factor of low permeability reservoir, and understanding the fluid flow behavior in blood capillary.

The results of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are presented on the evolution of the electron whistler waves during the collisionless magnetic reconnection. The simulation results show that the electron whistler waves with frequency higher than the lower hybrid frequency are found to occur in the electrons outflow region. Moreover, the present results indicate that these electron whistler waves with high-frequency in the region greater than an ion inertial scale of the x-line are irrelevant to the fast reconnection, but are generated as a result of the reconnection processes.

A low-frequency (f<2 kHz) potential structure (LFPS) is observed in a linear magnetic plasma device using Langmuir probe arrays. The center frequency of this structure is near zero. This structure has azimuthal and axial symmetries while with a finite radial wavenumber. The complete 3D spectra features of this structure have been identified to have the characteristics expected for zonal flows.

Flowers, trees and coral like TiO₂ films are first produced by the micro−arc-oxidation method in electrolyte of phosphate. Nanowhiskers with high surface area grow at the tail ends of the coralloid film when the positive current density is set to be 17.14 A/dm². With acetamide in electrolyte, N element is doped. The analysis results indicate that the ratio of anatase phase to rutile phases is about 2:1 in the micro−arc-oxidation produced N-TiO₂ film. The optical absorption edge red shifts in the presence of N doping.

The bipolar electric field solitary (EFS) structures observed frequently in space plasmas by satellites have two different polarities, first positive electric field peak then negative (i.e., positive/negative) and first negative then positive peak (i.e., negative/positive). We provide the physical explanation on the polarity of observed bipolar EFS structures with an electrostatic ion fluid model. The results show that if initial electric field E₀>0, the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be positive/negative; and if E₀ <0, the polarity of the bipolar EFS structure will be negative/positive. However, for a fixed polarity of the EFS, either positive/negative or negative/positive, if the satellite is located at the positive side of the EFS, the observed polarity should be positive/negative, if the satellite is located at the negative side of the EFS, the observed polarity should be negative/positive. Therefore, we provide a method to clarify the natural polarity of the EFS with observed polarity by satellites. Our results are significant to understand the physical process in space plasma with the satellite observation.

Classical density functional theory is used to study the associating Lennard–Jones fluids in contact with spherical hard wall of different curvature radii. The interfacial properties including contact density and fluid-solid interfacial tension are investigated. The influences of associating energy, curvature of hard wall and the bulk density of fluids on these properties are analyzed in detail. The results may provide helpful clues to understand the interfacial properties of other complex fluids.

To identify ways to improve the predictive capability of the current RANS-based cavitating turbulent closure, a filter-based model (FBM) is introduced by considering sub-filter stresses. The sub-filter stress is constructed directly by using the filter size and the conventional turbulence closure. The model is evaluated in steady cavitating flow over a blunt body revolution and unsteady cavitating flow around a Clark-Y hydrofoil respectively. Compared with the experimental data, those results indicate that FBM can be used to improve the predictive capability considerably.

Effect of pressure on thermal behavior of KDP crystals is investigated by using the in-situ infrared reflective spectra. Compared with that under normal atmosphere, the onset temperature of decomposition under pressure of 1 MPa is improved to from 210 °C to 213 °C, suggesting that the thermal stability of KDP is enhanced. Under pressure of 2 MPa, the thermal stability is deteriorated and KDP begins to decompose at 183 °C. Under normal atmosphere KDP decomposes in route of translating to K₄P₂O₇ firstly, and then to KPO₃. Under pressures of 1 MPa and 2 MPa, KDP translates to KPO₃ directly without any other polymeric intermediates.

We report on the mechanism of the dielectric properties of oxygen vacancy in ZnO, using ab initio numerical simulations of oxygen vacancy on the band structure and dielectric properties, to develop photoelectric material applications. It is revealed that the appearance of oxygen vacancies leads to wider energy band gap, obvious blue shift and increase in the peak of dielectric function as compared to the intrinsic ZnO simulation. We explain these unusual phenomena and analyze the dielectric changes with the mechanism of polarization in the semiconductors. It is shown that the main mechanism of influencing dielectric properties is the electron displacement polarization. The result may be helpful for development of photoelectric materials.

Si-doped Al_0.4Ga_0.6N (Si−Al_0.4Ga_0.6N) epilayers grown on an AlGaN window layer (WL) with different Al contents are prepared using a high−quality AlN buffer layer by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Surface morphology, crystalline quality and electric properties of these epilayers are investigated by using atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Raman scattering spectrum and Hall techniques. Results show that the surface morphology of these epilayers are mainly determined by the Si-doping level which, together with the effect of Al content of WL, also has an obvious impact on the electron concentrations. On the other hand, the insertion of AlGaN WL is helpful to the increase of Si doping level and conductivity of subsequently grown Si-Al_0.4Ga_0.6N epilayers. However, the insertion as well as the increase of Al content of WL result in increase of dislocation densities, compressive strain in Si−Al_0.4Ga_0.6N epilayers, and tilt of AlN subgrains at the top interface of the buffer layer. Further, the degradation of crystalline quality with the Al content of WL exerts a decisive influence on the conductivity of the Si−Al_0.4Ga_0.6N epilayers grown on WL with Al content of 0.6 through a dramatic decrease in electron mobility.

The electron transport through diaminoacenes sandwiched between two Au electrodes is simulated by using a first-principles analysis. The nonlinear current-voltage characteristic is observed. Effects of the ring number and positions of amine groups on equilibrium transport properties are found. For 1,4 series, the greater the number of the rings, the stronger the transmission spectrum near the Fermi energy. For 2,6 series, the larger the number of the rings, the weaker the transmission spectrum near the Fermi energy. This is helpful for understanding the recently reported results on conductance measurements using amines.

Single phase orthorhombic perovskite Ho_1−xLa_xMnO₃ (x=0.1, 0.15) compounds are successfully synthesized by using a sol−gel method. We find that the orthorhombic perovskite structure of HoMoO₃ compound can be stabilized by partial substitution of smaller Ho ion by larger La ion. The magnetic properties of orthorhombic perovskite Ho_1−xLa_xMnO₃ are investigated for the first time. For the x=0.15 sample, a ferromagnetic−like transition is found around T = 130 K, which should correspond to partial FM ordering of Mn³⁺ magnetic moments. The partial substitution of Ho by La causes a switch of magnetic state of Mn³⁺ moments from AFM order to FM-like order. Our study indicates that La doping has significant influence on the magnetic structures of Mn ions.

Self-assembled InAs quantum wires (QWRs) are fabricated on an InP substrate by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (SSMBE). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra are investigated in these nanostructures as a function of temperature. An anomalous enhancement of PL intensity and a temperature insensitive PL emission are observed from InAs nanostructures grown on InP substrates using InAlGaAs as the matrix layer and the origin of this phenomenon is discussed. We attribute the anomalous temperature dependence of photoluminescence to the formation of Al-rich and In-rich region in the InAlGaAs buffer layer and the cap layer.

We report the first observation of up-conversion photostimulated luminescence in non-doped Mg₂SnO₄. Stimulated by 980 nm infrared laser (reading) after ultraviolet irradiation (writing), the phosphor shows photostimulated emission band covering 470–550 nm, which is due to the recombination of F centers with holes. After ceasing ultraviolet irradiation, the storage intensity would rapidly decrease to 59% of its original storage intensity in 2.5 h and then would not degrade anymore. It is suggested that the Mg₂SnO₄ has potential applications for optical storage. Accordingly, the possible photostimulated luminescence mechanisms of Mg₂SnO₄ are proposed.

We report the identification of a donor band and the correlation between n-type conductivity and the green emission in ZnO nanowires. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence is used to investigate nominally undoped ZnO nanowires with high n-type conductivity. Within the whole temperature range, a dominant free-to-bound transition with a donor band of about 150 meV below the conduction band minimum is observed. The nanowires show very strong green emission, which is quenched with activation energy of about 220 meV. The correlation between the high n-type conductivity and the strong green emission is discussed in detail, and we suggest that they may have different origins.

Nd-doping effects are investigated in TiO₂ nanoparticles with various annealing temperatures T from 70 °C to 1100 °C by means of x−ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering spectroscopy. XRD results indicate that the sample shows a rutile phase at 1100 °C, which changes to anatase phase at 900 °C. With decreasing T down to 300 °C, a significant lattice shrink is found, that is, the lattice parameter c is significantly suppressed while the a value shows a gradual decrease. With further decrease of T, the c−value shows an unexpected increase while the a−value keeps a gradual decrease. Thus, a lattice distortion takes place with changing the annealing temperature. In Raman investigation, all the Raman modes for the anatase phase show hardening behaviors with decreasing T in the range 900–300 °C, and then the E_g and A_1g modes show softening behaviors below 300 °C, suggesting the variation of the lattice distortion. The variation of the lattice distortion at different annealing temperatures is ascribed to different depositions of Nd ions on the surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles.

A red-emitting CaZrO₃:Eu³⁺ phosphor has been prepared by solid state reaction and its luminescent properties are studied. The crystal structure is investigated by the x−ray diffraction. Through energy transitions of ⁵D₀→⁷F_J (J=0, 1, 2, 3) in Eu³⁺ ions, the emission spectrum of the phosphor shows a series of narrow bands under near−ultraviolet light and the strongest peak locates at 613 nm. The emission intensity of Ca_1-xZrO₃:xEu³⁺ phosphor will reach the maximum as the molar concentration of Eu³⁺ is 5 mol%.

Undoped and La-doped ZnS thin films are prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) process through the co-precipitation reaction of inorganic precursors zinc sulfate, thiosulfate ammonia and La₂O₃. Composition of the films is analyzed using an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Absorption spectra and spectral transmittances of the films are measured using a double beam UV-VIS spectrophotometer (TU-1901). It is found that significant red shifts in absorption spectra and decrease in absorptivity are obtained with increasing lanthanum. Moreover, optical transmittance is increased as La is doped, with a transmittance of more than 80% for wavelength above 360 nm in La-doped ZnS thin films. Compared to pure ZnS, the band gap decreases and flat-band potential positively shifts to quasi-metal for the La-doped ZnS. These results indicate that La-doped ZnS thin films could be valuably adopted as transparent electrodes.

Amorphous hydrogenated and crystalline silicon thin films were prepared by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. A structural transformation from amorphous phase to crystalline phase by increasing the filament temperature T _fil from 1600 °C to 1650 °C was observed. This phenomenon may result from the associated abundance of H radicals participating in the growth of the films. A probability distribution model of the H radical is proposed to elucidate this phenomenon. According to this model, the phase transition is due to a distinct difference in the probability distribution of the H radicals, which seems to be dependent upon T_fil.

Highly preferred InN films are deposited on sapphire (0001) substrates by electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced metal organic chemical vapor deposition (ECR-PEMOCVD) without using a buffer layer. The structure, surface morphological and electrical characteristics of InN are investigated by in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and Hall effect measurement. The quality of the as-grown InN films is markedly improved at the optimized N₂ flux of 100 sccm. The results show that the properties of the films are strongly dependent on N₂ flux.

Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon films are deposited onto glass substrates at different substrate temperatures (140–400 °C) by hot−filament chemical vapor deposition. The effect of substrate temperature on the structural properties are investigated. With an increasing substrate temperature, the Raman crystalline volume fraction increases, but decreases with a further increase. The maximum Raman crystalline volume fraction of the nanocrystalline silicon films is about 74% and also has the highest microstructural factor (R=0.89) at a substrate temperature of 250 °C. The deposition rate exhibits a contrary tendency to that of the crystalline volume fraction. The continuous transition of the film structures from columnar to agglomerated is observed at a substrate temperature of 300 °C. The optical band gaps of the grown thin films declines (from 1.89 to 1.53 eV) and dark electrical conductivity increases (from about 10⁻¹⁰ to about 10⁻⁶ S/cm) with the increasing substrate temperature.

The effect of charge current density on the growth of CN_x films by electrolysis of a methanol−urea solution is investigated experimentally. It is seen that the c−C₃N₄ phase grains in the films are about 200–300 nm for a density of 55 mA/cm² and dendrite growth takes place with grains as large as 7 μm formed when density is about 70 mA/cm².

The response of synchronously firing groups of population retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to natural movies (NMs) and pseudo-random white-noise checker-board flickering (CB, as control) are investigated using an information-theoretic algorithm. The main results are: (1) the population RGCs tend to fire in synchrony far more frequently than expected by chance during both NM and CB stimulation; (2) more synchronous groups could be formed and each group contains more neurons under NM than CB stimulation; (3) the individual neurons also participate in more groups and have more distinct partners in NM than CB stimulation. All these results suggest that the synchronized firings in RGCs are more extensive and diverse, which may account for more effective information processing in representing the natural visual environment.

The diphenylalanine (FF) motif has been widely used in the design of peptides that are capable of forming various ordered structures, such as nanotubes, nanospheres and hydrogels. In these assemblies, FF based peptides adopt an antiparallel structure and are stabilized by π−π stacking among the phenyl groups. Here we show that assembly of FF-based peptides can be controlled by their geometric restrictions. Using tripeptide FFY (L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Tyr) as an example, we demonstrate that photo-crosslinking of C-terminal tyrosine can impose a geometric restriction to the formation of an antiparallel structure, leading to a structural change of the assemblies from nanosphere to amorphous. This finding is confirmed using far-UV circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Based on such a mechanism, we are able to control the gel-sol transition of Fmoc-FFY using the geometric restriction induced by photo-crosslinking of C-terminal tyrosine groups. We believe that geometric restriction should be considered as an important factor in the design of peptide-based materials. It can also be implemented as a useful strategy for the construction of environment-responsive "smart" materials.

A new method to measure trap characteristics in crystalline silicon solar cells is presented. Important parameters of traps including energy level, total concentration of trapping centers and capture cross-section ratio of hole to electron are deduced using the Shockley–Read–Hall theory of crystalline silicon solar cells in base region. Based on the as-deduced model, these important parameters of traps are determined by measuring open-circuit voltages of silicon solar cells under monochromatic illumination in the wavelength range 500–1050 nm with and without bias light. The effects of wavelength and intensity of bias light on the measurement results are also discussed. The measurement system used in our experiments is very similar to a quantum efficiency test system which is commercially available. Therefore, our method is very convenient and valuable for detecting deep level traps in crystalline silicon solar cells.

We discuss the dependence of competition ability on uniqueness for the general cooperation-competition networks. An empirical investigation of the 15 real world systems is made. We find that the dependence varies with the change of systems. Although most of the systems show positive tendency, we find that a special system shows negative one. The relationship between the heterogeneity indexes for the distributions of competition ability and uniqueness is also discussed analytically and empirically.

We calculate the interference phase of the mass neutrinos in high energy limit propagating in radial and nonradial directions along the geodesic by solving Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and discuss the contributions of cosmological constant λ and angular momentum L to the phase shift in Schwarzschild de Sitter spacetime.

We investigate the evolution of the viscous dark energy (DE) interacting with the dark matter (DM) in the Einstein cosmology model. By using the linearizing theory of the dynamical system, we find that, in our model, there exists a stable late time scaling solution which corresponds to the accelerating universe. We also find the unstable solution under some appropriate parameters. In order to alleviate the coincidence problem, some authors considered the effect of quantum correction due to the conform anomaly and the interacting dark energy with the dark matter. However, if we take into account the bulk viscosity of the cosmic fluid, the coincidence problem will be softened just like the interacting dark energy cosmology model. That is to say, both the non-perfect fluid model and the interacting the dark energy cosmic model can alleviate or soften the singularity of the universe.

Within the framework of Einstein–Cartan theory, we obtain a general condition leading to singularity and inflation for all Bianchi cosmological models. If the spin energy is smaller than anisotropic energy density (i.e. S²−σ²≤0), the Universe can not avoid singularity. If S²−σ²>-ρ_v/2 (ρ_v is vacuum energy density), the Universe can undergo an inflation phase. Examples of Bianchi type−IX, I and V cosmological models are discussed.

In order to account for the observed cosmic acceleration, a modification of the ansatz for the variation of density in Friedman–Robertson–Walker (FRW) FRW models given by Islam is proposed. The modified ansatz leads to an equation of state which corresponds to that of a variable Chaplygin gas, which in the course of evolution reduces to that of a modified generalized Chaplygin gas (MGCG) and a Chaplygin gas (CG), exhibiting late-time acceleration.