There have been several studies on sulfur depletion in dense cores like TMC-1 (Taurus Molecular Cloud 1), employing updated reaction networks for sulfur species to explain the missing sulfur in the gas within dense clouds. Most of these studies used a C/O ratio of 0.7 or lower. We present NSRT (NanShan 26m Radio Telescope) observations of TMC-1 alongside results from time-dependent chemical simulations using an updated chemical network. Our findings highlight the impact of the C/O ratio on the gas-phase evolution of C$_2$S and C$_3$S. The simulation results show that the C/O ratio is an important parameter, playing a fundamental role in determining the gas-phase abundances of sulfur species in dense cores.

We report the results of a search for radio pulsars in five supernova remnants (SNRs) with the FAST telescope. The observations were made using the 19-beam receiver in “snapshot” mode. The integration time for each pointing was 10 min. We discovered a new pulsar, PSR J1845–0306, which has a spin period of 983.6 ms and a dispersion measure of 444.6 $\pm$ 2.0 cm$^{-3}$$\cdot$pc, in observations of SNR G29.6+0.1. To judge the association between the pulsar and the SNR, further verification is needed. We also re-detected some known pulsars in the data from SNRs G29.6+0.1 and G29.7–0.3. No pulsars were detected in the observations of the other three SNRs.

Among several dark matter candidates, bosonic ultra-light (sub-meV) dark matter is well motivated because it could couple to the Standard Model and induce new forces. Previous MICROSCOPE and Eöt–Wash torsion experiments have achieved high accuracy in the sub-1 Hz region. However, at higher frequencies there is still a lack of relevant experimental research. We propose an experimental scheme based on the diamagnetic levitated micromechanical oscillator, one of the most sensitive sensors for acceleration sensitivity below the kilohertz scale. In order to improve the measurement range, we utilize a sensor whose resonance frequency $\omega_0$ could be adjusted from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz. The limits of the coupling constant $g_{\scriptscriptstyle B-L}$ are improved by more than 10 times compared to previous reports, and it may be possible to achieve higher accuracy by using the array of sensors in the future.

Very high energy (VHE) photons may have a higher survival rate than that expected in standard-model physics, as suggested by the recently reported gamma ray burst GRB221009A. While a photon-axion like particle (ALP) oscillation can boost the survival rate of the VHE photons, current works have not been based on concrete particle models, leaving the identity of the corresponding ALP unclear. Here, we show that the required ALP scenario is consistent with the electroweak axion with an anomaly free $Z_{10}$ Froggatt–Nielsen symmetry.

A simple extension of the standard model (SM) with a $\mu$-flavored vector-like lepton (VLL) doublet and a real singlet scalar can have an interesting implication to the $h \to\mu^+\mu^-$ decay while offering the simplest possible explanation for the dark matter (DM) phenomenology. Assuming the real singlet scalar to be a viable DM candidate, it has been shown that the muon Yukawa coupling can have a negative contribution at the one-loop order if the $2^{\rm nd}$ generation SM leptons are allowed to couple with the VLL doublet. The stringent direct detection bounds corresponding to a real singlet scalar DM can easily be relaxed if the SM quark sector was augmented with a dimension-6 operator at some new physics (NP) scale $\varLambda_{\scriptscriptstyle{\rm NP}}$. Thus, this model presents a significant phenomenological study where the muon Yukawa coupling can be corrected within a real singlet scalar DM framework. The considered parameter space can be tested/constrained through the high luminosity run of the LHC (HL-LHC) and future direct detection experiments.

Using various latest cosmological datasets including type-Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave background radiation, baryon acoustic oscillations, and estimations of the Hubble parameter, we test some dark-energy models with parameterized equations of state and try to distinguish or select observation-preferred models. We obtain the best fitting results of the six models and calculate their values of the Akaike information criteria and Bayes information criterion. We can distinguish these dark energy models from each other by using these two information criterions. However, the $\varLambda $CDM model remains the best fit model. Furthermore, we perform geometric diagnostics including statefinder and $Om$ diagnostics to understand the geometric behavior of the dark energy models. We find that the six dark-energy models can be distinguished from each other and from $\varLambda $CDM, Chaplygin gas, quintessence models after the statefinder and $Om$ diagnostics are performed. Finally, we consider the growth factor of the dark-energy models with comparison to the $\varLambda $CDM model. Still, we find the models can be distinguished from each other and from the $\varLambda $CDM model through the growth factor approximation.

The past decades have witnessed a lot of progress in gravitational lensing with two main targets: stars and galaxies (with active galactic nuclei). The success is partially attributed to the continuous luminescence of these sources making the detection and monitoring relatively easy. With the running of ongoing and upcoming large facilities/surveys in various electromagnetic and gravitational-wave bands, the era of time-domain surveys would guarantee constant detection of strongly lensed explosive transient events, for example, supernovae in all types, gamma ray bursts with afterglows in all bands, fast radio bursts, and even gravitational waves. Lensed transients have many advantages over the traditional targets in studying the Universe, and magnification effect helps to understand the transients themselves at high redshifts. In this review article, on base of the recent achievements in literature, we summarize the methods of searching for different kinds of lensed transient signals, the latest results on detection and their applications in fundamental physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. At the same time, we give supplementary comments as well as prospects of this emerging research direction that may help readers who are interested in entering this field.

Iron oxide is one of the most important components in the Earth's mantle. The recent discovery of the stable presence of Fe$_{5}$O$_{6}$ in the Earth's mantle environment has stimulated significant interests in understanding of this new category of iron oxides. We report the electronic structure and magnetic properties of Fe$_{5}$O$_{6}$ calculated by the density functional theory plus dynamic mean field theory (DFT + DMFT) approach. Our calculations indicate that Fe$_{5}$O$_{6}$ is a conductor at ambient pressure with dominant Fe-$3d$ density of states at the Fermi level. The magnetic moments of iron atoms at three non-equivalent crystallographic sites in Fe$_{5}$O$_{6}$ collapse at significantly different rates under pressure. This site-selective collapse of magnetic moments originates from the shifting of energy levels and the consequent charge transfer among the Fe-$3d$ orbits when Fe$_{5}$O$_{6}$ is being compressed. Our simulations suggest that there could be high conductivity and volume contraction in Fe$_{5}$O$_{6}$ at high pressure, which may induce anomalous features in seismic velocity, energy exchange, and mass distribution in the deep interior of the Earth.

Radiative energy losses are very important in regulating the cosmic ray electron and/or positron (CRE) spectrum during their propagation in the Milky Way. Particularly, the Klein–Nishina (KN) effect of the inverse Compton scattering (ICS) results in less efficient energy losses of high-energy electrons, which is expected to leave imprints on the propagated electron spectrum. It has been proposed that the hardening of CRE spectra around 50 GeV observed by Fermi-LAT, AMS-02, and DAMPE could be due to the KN effect. We show in this work that the transition from the Thomson regime to the KN regime of the ICS is actually quite smooth compared with the approximate treatment adopted in some previous works. As a result, the observed spectral hardening of CREs cannot be explained by the KN effect. It means that an additional hardening of the primary electrons spectrum is needed. We also provide a parameterized form for the accurate calculation of the ICS energy-loss rate in a wide energy range.

The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a satellite-borne detector for high-energy cosmic rays and $\gamma$-rays. To fully understand the detector performance and obtain reliable physical results, extensive simulations of the detector are necessary. The simulations are particularly important for the data analysis of cosmic ray nuclei, which relies closely on the hadronic and nuclear interactions of particles in the detector material. Widely adopted simulation softwares include the GEANT4 and FLUKA, both of which have been implemented for the DAMPE simulation tool. Here we describe the simulation tool of DAMPE and compare the results of proton shower properties in the calorimeter from the two simulation softwares. Such a comparison gives an estimate of the most significant uncertainties of our proton spectral analysis.

The GW170817 binary neutron star merger event in 2017 has raised great interest in the theoretical research f neutron stars. The structure and cooling properties of dark-matter-admixed neutron stars are studied here using relativistic mean field theory and cooling theories. The non-self-annihilating dark matter (DM) component is assumed to be ideal fermions, among which the weak interaction is considered. The results show that pulsars J1614-2230, J0348+0432 and EXO 0748-676 may all contain DM with the particle mass of 0.2–0.4 GeV. However, it is found that the effect of DM on neutron star cooling is complicated. Light DM particles favor the fast cooling of neutron stars, and the case is converse for middle massive DM. However, high massive DM particles, around 1.0 GeV, make the low mass (around solar mass) neutron star still undergo direct Urca process of nucleons at the core, which leads the DM-admixed stars cool much more quickly than the normal neutron star, and cannot support the direct Urca process with a mass lower than 1.1 times solar mass. Thus, we may conjecture that if small (around solar mass) and super cold (at least surface temperature 5–10 times lower than that of the usual observed data) pulsars are observed, then the star may contain fermionic DM with weak self-interaction.

We study the effect of the non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry on the gravitational constant in the context of $f(R)$ theories of gravity on cosmic scales. For a class of $f(R)$ models, the result shows that the value of the gravitational constant not only changes over time but also has the dampened oscillation behavior. Compared with the result of the standard ${\it \Lambda}$CDM model, the consequence suggests that the coupling between matter and geometry should be weak.

At the Earth's magnetopause, the electron transport due to kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) is investigated in an ion-scale flux rope by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. Clear electron dropout around 90$^{\circ}$ pitch angle is observed throughout the flux rope, where intense KAWs are identified. The KAWs can effectively trap electrons by the wave parallel electric field and the magnetic mirror force, allowing electrons to undergo Landau resonance and be transported into more field-aligned directions. The pitch angle range for the trapped electrons is estimated from the wave analysis, which is in good agreement with direct pitch angle measurements of the electron distributions. The newly formed beam-like electron distribution is unstable and excites whistler waves, as revealed in the observations. We suggest that KAWs could be responsible for the plasma depletion inside a flux rope by this transport process, and thus be responsible for the formation of a typical flux rope.

Extracting and parameterizing ionospheric waves globally and statistically is a longstanding problem. Based on the multichannel maximum entropy method (MMEM) used for studying ionospheric waves by previous work, we calculate the parameters of ionospheric waves by applying the MMEM to numerously temporally approximate and spatially close global-positioning-system radio occultation total electron content profile triples provided by the unique clustered satellites flight between years 2006 and 2007 right after the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate (COSMIC) mission launch. The results show that the amplitude of ionospheric waves increases at the low and high latitudes ($\sim$0.15 TECU) and decreases in the mid-latitudes ($\sim$0.05 TECU). The vertical wavelength of the ionospheric waves increases in the mid-latitudes (e.g., $\sim$50 km at altitudes of 200–250 km) and decreases at the low and high latitudes (e.g., $\sim$35 km at altitudes of 200–250 km). The horizontal wavelength shows a similar result (e.g., $\sim$1400 km in the mid-latitudes and $\sim$800 km at the low and high latitudes).

We present the interior solutions of distributions of magnetized fluid inside a sphere in $f(R,T)$ gravity. The magnetized sphere is embedded in an exterior Reissner–Nordström metric. We assume that all physical quantities are in static equilibrium. The perfect fluid matter is studied under a particular form of the Lagrangian density $f(R,T)$. The magnetic field profile in modified gravity is calculated. Observational data of neutron stars are used to plot suitable models of magnetized compact objects. We reveal the effect of $f(R,T)$ gravity on the magnetic field profile, with application to neutron stars, especially highly magnetized neutron stars found in x-ray pulsar systems. Finally, the effective potential $V_{\rm eff}$ and innermost stable circular orbits, arising out of the motion of a test particle of negligible mass influenced by attraction or repulsion from the massive center, are discussed.

The effect of tidal torques on rotational mixing in close binaries is investigated. It is found that spin angular momentum can attain a high value due to a strong tidal torque. Nitrogen and helium enrichment occurs early in the binary system that is triggered by tides. The stellar radius can reach a high value in the single star model with high initial velocities at the early stage of the evolution, but efficient rotational mixing can inhibit stellar expanding at the subsequent evolution. Central compactness is increased by the centrifugal force at the early stage of evolution but is reduced by rotational mixing induced by strong tides. The binary models with weak tides have high values of central temperature and stellar radius. Rotational mixing in single stars can slow down the shrinkage of convective cores, while convective cores can be expanded by strong tides in the binary system. Efficient rotational mixing induced by tides can cause the star to evolve towards high temperature and luminosity.

The cosmic-ray particles of TeV-regime, outside the solar system are blocked in their way to the Earth, a deficit of particles is observed corresponding to the location of the Sun known as the Sun shadow. The center of the Sun shadow is shifted from its nominal position due to the presence of magnetic fields in interplanetary space, and this shift is used indirectly as a probe to study the solar magnetic field that is difficult to measure otherwise. A detailed Monte Carlo simulation of galactic cosmic-ray propagation in the Earth–Sun system is carried out to disentangle the cumulative effects of solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic fields. The shadowing effects and the displacements results of the Sun shadow in different solar activities are reproduced and discussed.

The aspect of formation and evolution of the recycled pulsar (PSR J0737-3039 A/B) is investigated, taking into account the contributions of accretion rate, radius and spin-evolution diagram ($B$–$P$ diagram) in the double pulsar system. Accepting the spin-down age as a rough estimate (or often an upper limit) of the true age of the neutron star, we also impose the restrictions on the radius of this system. We calculate the radius of the recycled pulsar PSR J0737-3039 A ranges approximately from 8.14 to 25.74 km, and the composition of its neutron star nuclear matters is discussed in the mass-radius diagram.

Supernova 1987A is a core collapse supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, inside which the product is most likely a neutron star. Despite the most sensitive available detection instruments from radio to $\gamma$-ray wavebands being exploited in the pass thirty years, there have not yet been any pulse signals detected. By considering the density of the medium plasma in the remnant of 1987A, we find that the plasma cut-off frequency is approximately 7 GHz, a value higher than the conventional observational waveband of radio pulsars. As derived, with the expansion of the supernova remnant, the radio signal will be detected in 2073 A.D. at 3 GHz.

We study and derive the energy conditions in generalized non-local gravity, which is the modified theory of general relativity obtained by adding a term $m^{2n-2}R\Box^{-n}R$ to the Einstein–Hilbert action. Moreover, to obtain some insight on the meaning of the energy conditions, we illustrate the evolutions of four energy conditions with the model parameter $\varepsilon$ for different $n$. By analysis we give the constraints on the model parameters $\varepsilon$.

We investigate the cosmological model of viscous modified Chaplygin gas (VMCG) in classical and loop quantum cosmology (LQC). Firstly, we constrain its equation of state parameters in the framework of standard cosmology from Union 2.1 SNe Ia data. Then, we probe the dynamical stability of this model in a universe filled with VMCG and baryonic fluid in LQC background. It is found that the model is very suitable with $(\chi^{2/d.o.f}=0.974)$ and gives a good prediction of the current values of the deceleration parameter $q_{0}=\in(-0.60,-0.57)$ and the effective state parameter $\omega_{\rm eff}\in(-0.76,-0.74)$ that is consistent with the recent observational data. The model can also predict the time crossing when $(\rho_{\rm DE}\approx\rho_{\rm matter})$ at $z=0.75$ and can solve the coincidence problem. In LQC background, the Big Bang singularity found in classical cosmology ceases to exist and is replaced by a bounce when the Hubble parameter vanishes at $\rho_{\rm tot}\approx \rho_{\rm c}$.

Nucleosynthesis in advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) onto a black hole is proposed to be an important role in chemical evolution around compact stars. We investigate the nucleosynthesis in ADAF relevant for a black hole of low mass, different from that of the self-similar solution. In particular, the presence of supersolar metal mass fractions of some isotopes seems to be associated with the known black hole nucleosynthesis in ADAF, which offers further evidence of diversity of the chemical enrichment.

The relativistic neutrino emissivity of the nucleonic direct URCA processes in neutron star matter is investigated within the relativistic Hartree–Fock approximation. We particularly study the influences of the tensor couplings of vector mesons $\omega$ and $\rho$ on the nucleonic direct URCA processes. It is found that the inclusion of the tensor couplings of vector mesons $\omega$ and $\rho$ can slightly increase the maximum mass of neutron stars. In addition, the results indicate that the tensor couplings of vector mesons $\omega$ and $\rho$ lead to obvious enhancement of the total neutrino emissivity for the nucleonic direct URCA processes, which must accelerate the cooling rate of the non-superfluid neutron star matter. However, when considering only the tensor coupling of vector meson $\rho$, the neutrino emissivity for the nucleonic direct URCA processes slightly declines at low densities and significantly increases at high densities. That is, the tensor coupling of vector meson $\rho$ leads to the slow cooling rate of a low-mass neutron star and rapid cooling rate of a massive neutron star.

The structural characteristics of the critically rotating accretor in binaries are investigated during rapid mass transfer. It is found that the accretor is subjected to periodic pulsation due to accretions and rejections of mass and angular momentum. The gainer attempts to attain both hydrostatic and thermal balances. This physical process can cause the thermal structure of the accreting star to fluctuate with a period of $\sim0.19$ y. Stellar wind can be enhanced by a factor of $\sim $$1.25$$\,\times\,$$10^{4}$ when the accretor approaches break-down velocity. Surface entropy and density decrease with the increase of the stellar radius due to the fact that rapid rotation leads to a reduction in the number density and surface temperature. The rotational energy has the same trend as stellar radius due to stellar expansion. Surface opacity which is extremely sensitive to surface temperature has an opposite trend to stellar radius. Moreover, the rate of nuclear energy must be adjusted due to mass removal or accretion at the stellar surface.

From the topology of a synthetic aurora map, we propose a mechanism for the magnetic anomalies on the southern martian hemisphere, i.e., impacts by asteroids when the dynamo is active. The quasi concentric circles of aurora suggest that there are two-to-three convectional cells for each impact. The whole synthetic aurora is induced by three major impacts of asteroids. The east–west lineation features of crust magnetizations are due to the east–west trending locations of three impacts. The alternatively changed sign of crust magnetization originates from the alternatively changed flow direction on the tops of adjacent convectional cells.

We study the cosmic constraint to the $w$CDM (cold dark matter with a constant equation of state $w$) model via 118 strong gravitational lensing systems which are compiled from SLACS, BELLS, LSD and SL2S surveys, where the ratio between two angular diameter distances $D^{\rm obs}=D_{\rm A}(z_{\rm l},z_{\rm s})/D_{\rm A}(0,z_{\rm s})$ is taken as a cosmic observable. To obtain this ratio, we adopt two strong lensing models: one is the singular isothermal sphere model (SIS) and the other one is the power-law density profile (PLP) model. Via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method, the posterior distribution of the cosmological model parameters space is obtained. The results show that the cosmological model parameters are not sensitive to the parameterized forms of the power-law index $\gamma$. Furthermore, the PLP model gives a relatively tighter constraint to the cosmological parameters than that of the SIS model. The predicted value of ${\it \Omega}_{\rm m}=0.31^{+0.44}_{-0.24}$ by the SIS model is compatible with that obtained by Planck2015: ${\it \Omega}_{\rm m}=0.313\pm0.013$. However, the value of ${\it \Omega}_{\rm m}=0.15^{+0.13}_{-0.11}$ based on the PLP model is smaller and has $1.25\sigma$ tension with that obtained by Planck2015.

Dynamical behaviors and stability properties of a flat space Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe filled with pressureless dark matter and viscous dark energy are studied in the context of standard classical and loop quantum cosmology. Assuming that the dark energy has a constant bulk viscosity, it is found that the bulk viscosity effects influence only the quintessence model case leading to the existence of a viscous late time attractor solution of de-Sitter type, whereas the quantum geometry effects influence the phantom model case where the big rip singularity is removed. Moreover, our results of the Hubble parameter as a function of the redshift are in good agreement with the more recent data.

We use the latest baryon acoustic oscillation and Union 2.1 type Ia supernova data to test the cosmic opacity between different redshift regions without assuming any cosmological models. It is found that the universe may be opaque between the redshift regions 0.35–0.44, 0.44–0.57 and 0.6–0.73 since the best fit values of cosmic opacity in these regions are positive, while a transparent universe is favored in the redshift region 0.57–0.63. However, in general, a transparent universe is still consistent with observations at the $1\sigma$ confidence level.

We study the consistency conditions of the generalized $f(R)$ gravity by extending $f(R)$ gravity with non-minimal coupling to the generalized $f(R)$ with arbitrary geometry-matter coupling. Specifically, we discuss the two particular models of generalized $f(R)$ by means of consistency conditions. It is found that the second model is not physically viable so as to be ruled out. Moreover, we further constrain the first model using the Dolgov–Kawasaki stability criterion, and give the value ranges of the parameters in the first model. It is worth stressing that our results include the ones in $f(R)$ gravity with non-minimal coupling as the special case of $Q(L_{\rm m})=L_{\rm m}$.

We study quintessence cosmology with an effective Λ-term in Lyra manifold. We consider three different models by choosing variable Λ depending on time, the Hubble parameter and the energy density of dark matter and dark energy. Dark energy is assumed as quintessence which interacts with the dark matter. Using numerical analysis we investigate the behavior of cosmological parameters in three different models and compare our results with observational data. State-finder diagnostic is also performed for all models.